Novel synthetic adhesive as an effective alternative to Fibrin based adhesives

Figure 1 Amount of blood loss was measured at three different time points. ^bP < 0.001 MAR-1 vs NaCl; ^dP < 0.01 Fibrin vs NaCl in 21 d group (n = 7).

Figure 2 Bleeding time was recorded after liver resection. ^bP < 0.001 MAR-1 and Fibrin vs NaCl in both 14 and 90 d group (n = 7).

Figure 3 Aspartate transaminase release was measured after 21 and 90 post-operative days (n = 7). AST: Aspartate transaminase.

Figure 4 Alanine transaminase release was measure after 14, 21 and 90 post-operative days. ^aP < 0.05 Fibrin vs NaCl after 14 d; ^aP < 0.05 MAR-1 vs Fibrin; ^bP < 0.01 MAR-1 vs NaCl after 21 post-operative days (n = 7). ALT: Alanine transaminase.

Figure 5 Percentage of tissue adhesion after 14, 21 and 90 post-operative days was tabulated. ^bP < 0.01 Fibrin vs NaCl after 14 d, ^bP < 0.01 MAR-1 vs NaCl after 21 d; ^aP < 0.05 Fibrin vs NaCl after 90 d (n = 7).

Figure 6 µCT scans of MAR-1 rat on day 1 and day 7. Percentage of adhesive degradation was evaluated after 14, 21 and 90 post-operative days. ^dP < 0.001 Fibrin vs MAR-1 and NaCl after 14 d; ^bP < 0.01 Fibrin vs MAR-1; ^aP < 0.05 NaCl vs Fibrin 21 d (n = 7). L: Liver, S: Stomach, V: Vertebra.

Figure 7 Survival proportions between the treatment groups were calculated during 14, 21 and 90 post-operative days. P = 0.9906 as per Mantel-Cox test (n = 7).

Figure 8 Histopathological evaluations of H and E stained liver tissue section shows the resected area and structural intergrity at different time points, MAR-1 (A: 14 d, B: 21 d, C: 90 d); Fibrin (D: 14 d, E: 21 d, F: 90 d); NaCl (G: 14 d, H: 21 d, I: 90 d).

Figure 9 Immunohistochemical staining for CD68 shows a few darkly stained positive cells. The graph represents the CD68 positive cell count with no significant differences between the groups, MAR-1 (A: 14 d; B: 21 d; C: 90 d); Fibrin (D: 14 d, E: 21 d, F: 90 d); NaCl (G: 14 d, H: 21 d, I: 90 d).

Figure 10 Elastic van Gieson staining shows the resected area and proliferative tissue, MAR-1 (A: 14 d, B: 21 d, C: 90 d); Fibrin (D: 14 d, E: 21 d, F: 90 d); NaCl (G: 14 d, H: 21 d, I: 90 d).