Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma by correction of metabolic abnormalities: Role of statins and metformin

Figure 1 Pathogenic pathways of hepatocellular carcinoma and targets for metformin and statins. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase; PTEN: Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; MEK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; GSK3-β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; VEGF: Vascular EGF; IGF: Insulin-growth factor; EGFR: EGF receptor; VEGFR: VEGF receptor; IGFR: IGF receptor.