Role of adipokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Figure 1 Mechanism of action of adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase. AMP: Adenosine monophosphate; AMPK: AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Figure 2 Role of adipokines in inflammation and fibrosis. NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; HSCs: Hepatic stellate cells.

Figure 3 Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and associated biological response in adipose tissue. TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor α; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; IL-1: Interleukin-1; FFA: Free fatty acids; RXR: Retinoid receptor; SMRT: Silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors; NCoR1: Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

Figure 4 Cytotoxic effects of free fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FFA: Free fatty acid; JNK: c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TRAIL-R2: Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate.

Figure 5 Changes of adipokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. TGFβ1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; RBP4: Retinol binding protein 4. NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.