Hepatitis B virus infection and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: Rising pandemic with complex interaction

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection alone, metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease alone and concomitant chronic hepatitis B virus infection and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease. HBV: Hepatitis B virus; Lag-3: Lymphocyte activation gene 3; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease; IL-2: Interleukin-2; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFN-γ: Interferon gamma; Th1: Type-1 helper.