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Factors affecting cecal intubation time during colonoscopy
Ke Wang, Wen-Tao Xu, Wen-Jing Kou, Xing-Shun Qi
Ke Wang, Wen-Tao Xu, Wen-Jing Kou, Xing-Shun Qi, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China
Ke Wang, Postgraduate College, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
Corresponding author: Xing-Shun Qi, MD, Vice Chief Physician, Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110840, Liaoning Province, China. xingshunqi@126.com
Received: November 24, 2022 Revised: January 4, 2023 Accepted: January 18, 2023 Published online: February 8, 2023
In recent years, the morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have increased significantly in China, and it has become one of the major malignancies that threaten the health of residents. Colonoscopy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of CRC. High-quality colonoscopy can effectively reduce the mortality of CRC. Cecal intubation time (CIT) is one of the indicators to reflect the quality of colonoscopy. Studies have found that many factors can affect CIT. This paper reviews the literature to identify the factors that affect CIT, such as those related to doctors, patients, assistive technologies, and equipment, in order to improve the quality of colonoscopy performed by endoscopists.
内镜医师的经验(包括检查例数、工作年限等)是影响结肠镜检查CIT的重要因素, 目前大多数研究证实经验越丰富的医师行结肠镜检查时CIT越短. Bernstein等[6]前瞻性分析了七名内镜医师结肠镜检查的CIT数据, 随着医师检查例数的增加, CIT相应缩短(P = 0.042, β = -0.0002). Kawasato等[7]分析了由18名内镜医师进行结肠镜检查的CIT数据, 其中5名为内镜专家(具有至少9年的内镜检查经验, n = 251)、13名为普通内镜医师(内镜检查经验不足9年, n = 562), 结果显示内镜专家检查时的CIT明显短于普通内镜医师(792 s±568.3 s vs 1264 s±695.8 s, P<0.0001). 此外, Zuber-Jerger等[8]指出, 初级内镜医师(检查次数<500次)和高级内镜医师(检查次数>1000次)相比CIT有着显著差异(11.8 min±10.8 min vs 7.2 min±14.1 min, P<0.001). 随着检查例数和工作年限的增长, 内镜医师对结肠镜的操作也愈加熟练, 可以更加容易地通过结肠屈曲, 进而顺利插镜至盲肠. 同时有着丰富经验的医师在遇到困难的检查病例时更能保持冷静, 良好的心态也有利于顺利检查, 从而缩短CIT. 此外, 经验丰富的内镜医师在操作时患者会感受到更轻微的不适和疼痛, 这有助于减轻患者的紧张情绪、增加患者配合的意愿, 从而有助于缩短CIT.
1.2 内镜医生接受的培训
在临床实践中, 对内镜医师进行适当的培训被普遍认为是提高结肠镜检查质量、缩短CIT的一种有效方法. 目前临床上常用的培训方法有上级医师指导、观看教学视频和参加讲座等. Patwardhan等[9]在一项回顾性研究中分析了接受1年、2年和3年职业培训教育的内镜医师结肠镜检查的数据, 随着内镜医师接受培训的时间的延长, 检查时的CIT显著缩短(13.29 min vs 8.79 min vs 5.14 min, P<0.001). 然而, Spier等[10]指出, 与接受了2年职业教育的内镜医师相比, 接受了3年职业教育的内镜医师的CIT反而延长(10 min vs 11 min, P<0.001). 职业教育的时间过长可能会导致内镜医师投入到临床工作的注意力减少, 而且更有可能引起内镜医师的疲惫, 从而对内镜医师的技术进步产生不利影响. 综上, 有必要对内镜医师进行适当的培训, 但不应过度, 以利于缩短CIT.
除了上述因素外, 还有许多其他因素也可影响CIT, 如内镜技术的发展、患者年龄、患者自身疾病和检查前患者教育等. Matyja[60]等在一项大规模的回顾性研究中把结肠镜划分成了三个不同的时代(光学、电子和现代内窥镜)并分析了接受这三种结肠镜检查患者的数据; 结果显示, 随着内窥镜技术的不断发展, CIT也随之缩短(250 s±92.75 s vs 224 s±103.07 s vs 209 s±93.75 s, P<0.05).
Caglar[63]等分析了59例肢端肥大症患者(其中病情得到控制组30例、未得到控制组29例)和73例非肢端肥大症患者的CIT数据, 结果显示, 不论肢端肥大症是否得到控制, 患者的CIT均显著延长(5.33 min vs 7.00 min vs 3.10 min, P<0.001). 这可能是肢端肥大症有较高的生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子-1水平, 这进而减缓了结肠转运[64], 延长CIT.
Chiu等[65]分析了接受217例接受肠道准备教育和193例未接受教育的患者数据, 结果显示接受教育的患者CIT明显缩短(3.68 min±2.02 min vs 4.52 min±3.25 min, P<0.01). 接受肠道准备教育的患者往往有着更好的肠道清洁度, 这可能是接受教育的患者CIT明显缩短的主要原因. 见图1.
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