修回日期: 2021-06-23
接受日期: 2021-06-28
在线出版日期: 2021-08-28
胶囊内镜是一种安全、无创、人群接受度高的消化道疾病诊断系统, 目前已广泛用于小肠疾病的诊断. 由于食管通过速度快, 胃腔空间大, 导致胶囊内镜在上消化道中的应用面临巨大挑战. 目前随着磁导航技术、系线胶囊技术等工程技术的发展, 胶囊内镜逐步拓展了在上消化道疾病诊断中的应用. 有多款上消化道胶囊内镜已应用于临床, 同时有更多的胶囊内镜新兴技术正处于研发阶段, 为改善胶囊内镜在上消化道疾病诊断中的作用提供了新的希望, 本文就用于上消化道的胶囊内镜现状及研究进展做一综述.
核心提要: 胶囊内镜作为无创性的内镜检查在临床上应用广泛, 磁控胶囊内镜、系线胶囊内镜、胶囊显微内镜等各类新型胶囊内镜的研发和使用拓展了其在上消化道疾病诊断中的应用, 为上消化道疾病普查提供了一定的便利.
引文著录: 闫婧爽, 闫斌, 孟科. 上消化道胶囊内镜现状及研究进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2021; 29(16): 960-965
Revised: June 23, 2021
Accepted: June 28, 2021
Published online: August 28, 2021
Capsule endoscopy has been widely used for the diagnosis of small bowel diseases due to its safety, noninvasiveness, and acceptability. Despite the potential benefits of capsule endoscopy, there are obvious challenges to capsule endoscopy application in the upper gastrointestinal tract, due to the fast transit speed in the esophagus and large space of the gastric cavity. With the development of innovative technologies, such as magnetic navigation and tethered capsule endoscopy, the indications for capsule endoscopy have recently been expanded. Various capsule endoscopes have been applied to clinical practice, and several state-of-the-art research-oriented designs and devices provide hope for further use in the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal diseases. In this review, we will summarize the current status and future developments of upper gastrointestinal tract capsule endoscopy.
- Citation: Yan JS, Yan B, Meng K. Current status and future developments of upper gastrointestinal tract capsule endoscopy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29(16): 960-965
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v29/i16/960.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v29.i16.960
我国是消化道恶性肿瘤的高发国家, 近些年消化道恶性肿瘤发病率、患病率呈现逐渐增长趋势[1]. 上消化道内镜检查是目前筛查和诊断上消化道肿瘤的首选检查手段, 但是传统的胃镜检查作为一种侵入式检查, 会对患者造成明显的不适感, 且存在心脑血管等重要脏器功能障碍、交叉感染等风险, 从而降低了患者的接受度, 限制了其在人群中的广泛应用. 虽然麻醉下的无痛胃镜检查可以消除检查过程中的不适感, 但同时也增加了麻醉相关不良事件的风险, 极大的限制了其在高龄、危重患者中的应用[2]. 胶囊内镜作为一种无创、便携、可视化的消化道检查方法, 自2000年首次报道以来[3], 已经取得了长足的进步, 目前小肠胶囊内镜已经成为诊断小肠疾病的主要手段. 由于食管通过速度较快, 胃腔空间大, 胃蠕动干扰等因素限制了胶囊内镜在上消化道中的应用, 但随着技术的进步, 多种专为上消化道设计的胶囊内镜系统逐渐开始应用于临床. 本文就上消化道胶囊内镜系统的应用现状和研究进展作一综述.
目前已应用于临床的上消化道胶囊内镜系统有以色列Given Imaging公司的食管胶囊内镜系列(PillCam ESO, PillCam ESO2)[4,5]、中国安翰科技有限公司的ANKON磁控胶囊内镜系统[6]、日本奥林巴斯公司和德国西门子公司联合开发的MGCE胶囊内镜系统[7]、韩国Intromedic公司的MiroCam-Navi胶囊内镜[8]和中国资福医疗科技有限公司的大圣磁控胶囊式内窥镜系统[9](表1).
内镜系统 | 生产商 | 国家 | 胶囊大小(mm) | 拍摄帧率(帧/秒) | 视野范围 | 信号传导 |
PillCam ESO系列 | Given Imaging | 以色列 | 11.0×26.0 | 14-18 | 169° | 射频 |
MiroCam-Navi | Intromedic | 韩国 | 11.0×24.0 | 3 | 170° | 电场传播 |
EndoCapsule | Olympus & Siemens | 日本&德国 | 11.0×31.0 | 4 | 145° | 射频 |
ANKON磁控胶囊内镜 | 安翰 | 中国 | 11.8×27.0 | 2 | 140° | 射频 |
大圣磁控胶囊式内窥镜 | 资福 | 中国 | 12.0×27.0 | 4 | 136° | 射频 |
PillCam ESO胶囊内镜系列: 是以色列Given Imaging公司研发的一种双摄像头无线食管胶囊内镜系统, 该胶囊内镜系统于2004年通过美国食品药品监督管理局批准应用于临床[10]. PillCam ESO胶囊内镜系统主要由三部分组成: 可吞服的食管胶囊(胶囊长26 mm, 直径11 mm, 图像采集速度14帧/秒), 数据记录仪和图像工作站. 该胶囊内镜系统在诊断胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD)、食管静脉曲张、门脉高压性胃病方面可替代传统上消化道内镜检查[11-13], 但也有研究表明其对巴雷特食管(Barrett's esophagus, BE)、食管鳞状细胞癌的诊断仅具有中等敏感性和特异性, 无法替代传统上消化道内镜作为高风险人群的首选筛查方法[14-16]. 2007年研发的第二代食管胶囊内镜PillCam ESO2简化了摄入程序, 同时提高了内镜的整体可视化, 提高了BE、食管炎、上消化道出血的检出率[17], 联合使用智能分光染色技术(fujinon intelligent chromoendoscopy, FICE)能够提高表浅型食管癌的检出率[18].
ANKON磁控胶囊内镜系统: 该胶囊内镜系统由中国安翰科技有限公司研发[6,19], 2003年获得中国国家食品药品监督管理局批准上市. 该系统由内镜胶囊、机械臂式永磁体、数据记录仪和计算机工作站四部分组成, 并配有实时观察和控制软件(ESNavi软件, 安翰科技有限公司). 胶囊长27 mm, 直径11.8 mm, 视角为140°, 图像摄取速度2帧/秒. 多项临床研究结果显示该胶囊内镜系统具有较高的诊断准确性, 患者依从性好, 可用于人群胃部疾病的筛查, 并可作为高风险人群筛查的首选[6,20-22]. 该胶囊内镜系统的第二代产品在控制方式、帧频、视野、图像分辨率和电池寿命等方面进行了技术改进, 具有更高的自适应帧率(8帧/秒), 更好的图像分辨率(720×720像素), 更广的视野(150°), 更长的电池寿命(>12小时)以及抗干扰无线数据传输等特点. 显著改善了上消化道黏膜的可视化, 提高了食管和十二指肠乳头的显示清晰度, 使得磁控胶囊内镜更好地诊断上消化道疾病成为可能[23].
MGCE胶囊内镜系统: 是日本奥林巴斯医疗系统公司和德国西门子医疗集团共同开发的一款用于胃部检查的磁导航胶囊内窥镜系统(magnetically guided capsule endoscope, MGCE), 该系统主要包括奥林巴斯公司研发的内镜胶囊和西门子公司研发的磁性引导设备[24]. 胶囊长31 mm, 直径11 mm, 具有两个电荷耦合器件(charge coupled device, CCD)图像传感器, 图像摄取速度为4帧/秒, 通过射频信号实时传输. 引导系统使用非常低的磁场(<100 mT), 避免了磁性发热的风险. 一项纳入了189例患者的前瞻性临床研究显示, 该胶囊内镜系统对胃部疾病的诊断准确性达90.5%, 且具有较高的患者依从性[25].
MiroCam-Navi胶囊内镜系统: 韩国Intromedic公司的MiroCam-Navi胶囊内窥镜是一款磁辅助胶囊内镜, 由实时监控器、数据接收器、外部手持永磁体和内镜胶囊四部分组成. MiroCam-Navi胶囊长24 mm, 直径11 mm, 重4.2 g, 视野范围170°, 图像摄取速度3帧/秒, 分辨率为320×320像素. 操作者使用锤状的外部手持永磁体控制胶囊在体内的拍摄方向, 并通过"电场传播(electric-field propagation)"的方式将信号传输至数据接收器[8]. 临床试验[26]显示MiroCam-Navi胶囊内镜系统具有高度的可视性和良好的控制性, 患者依从性较传统胃镜检查更好, 可用于BE、食管静脉曲张、急性上消化道出血的筛查和评估[27,28], 但在食管、胃食管连接部、胃底和十二指肠球部的观察视野仍逊色于传统胃镜[27,29].
大圣磁控胶囊式内窥镜系统: 这是中国深圳资福医疗科技有限公司研发的一款"站卧双体位"磁控胶囊内镜系统(standing-type magnetically guided capsule endoscopy, SMCE), 由内镜胶囊、胶囊激活装置、图像工作站和立式磁控装置四部分组成. 胶囊长27 mm, 直径12 mm, 采用微距拍摄和图像无线传输技术, 胶囊观察距离为0-50 mm, 视野范围为136°. 该系统采用站卧双体位检查模式, 可满足不同受检者的需求, 检查过程中受检者无需佩戴信号接收装置, 无束缚感, 体验更舒适. 一项纳入161名患者的临床试验结果显示, SMCE与传统胃镜相比, 对胃部疾病诊断一致性达94.41%, 对于轻度糜烂的诊断优于传统胃镜. 但SMCE检查时间较长(24 min vs 7 min), 仅适用于观察胃部, 暂不适用于食管和十二指肠的检查[9].
外置电源磁控胶囊内镜: 台北医科大学连吉时和刘志文团队[30,31]设计了一款用于上消化道检查的新型磁导航胶囊内镜系统, 该系统的内镜胶囊无内置电池, 其电源通过连接胶囊的一根长150 cm, 直径1 mm的电缆提供. 外接电源的设计使该胶囊内镜系统拥有较小体积(25.5 mm×9.9 mm)的同时拥有更高的图像采集速度(30帧/秒)和更高的图像分辨率(680×480像素). 2017年一项纳入10名志愿者的临床试验证实了该胶囊内镜系统具有良好的安全性、可控性和耐受性, 其对食管、胃和十二指肠检查的整体完成率分别为100%、85.2%和86.1%. 但该系统对上消化道病变的诊断有效性和准确性还需要进一步的临床随机对照研究验证[30].
螺旋桨驱动无线胶囊内镜: Tortora等 [32]于2009年设计了一款用于胃部检查的微型螺旋桨驱动胶囊内镜. 胶囊长30 mm, 直径15 mm, 由无线微控制器、电池、四个电机和螺旋桨、外壳组成. 四个螺旋桨系统能够驱动胶囊在液体环境中实现主动运动, 内窥镜医师可以通过操纵杆和图形用户界面对胶囊进行远程控制. 该团队于2014年对胶囊内窥镜系统进行了改进, 集成了运动系统、远程操控系统、视觉系统和实时视频传输系统[33]. 其二代胶囊长32 mm, 直径22 mm, 配有CMOS相机以30帧/秒速度获取图像. 这种低成本(<100欧元)、操作简单的胶囊内镜在胃部疾病诊断方面有很大利用前景, 但目前该胶囊内镜系统仍需要进一步的动物实验和临床研究对其可控性、安全性和有效性进行验证.
磁驱动软胶囊内窥镜: 2012年Yim等[34]研发了一款用于诊断和治疗胃部疾病的磁驱动软胶囊内窥镜(magnetically actuated soft capsule endoscope, MASCE), 该胶囊内镜系统由两个嵌入式内部永磁体和一个大型外部磁体进行远程驱动. 不同于传统胶囊内镜, MASCE具有三个新颖的特征: (1)外部主体由柔软的软聚氨酯弹性体制成, 使设备更安全且侵入性更小; (2)外部磁体可以驱动其在轴向上主动变形, 从而提供额外的自由度, 实现各种高级功能, 例如轴向位置控制, 药物释放[35], 药物注射或活检[36]; (3)通过在胃壁表面滚动实现三维导航[37]. 医生可通过外部永磁体控制胶囊锚定在胃的特定部位, 利用外磁体扭矩提供连续、稳定的移动.
系线胶囊内镜(string-capsule endoscopy, SCE): 2003年Neu等[38]首次使用系线胶囊内镜进行临床实验, 将长为100 cm的丝线系于Given Imaging公司生产的M2A胶囊内镜上. 患者吞服系线胶囊后以每3-4 min释放1-2 cm的速度释放系线, 当系线吞服超过60 cm时缓慢回拉. 系线胶囊内镜能清楚拍摄齿状线的图像, 在BE、食管静脉曲张的诊断和评估吞咽困难方面安全有效[39-41]. 但该SCE的局限性在于: (1)系线造成患者不适; (2)分泌物和吞服用水造成的气泡干扰图像; (3)视野距离有限(<30 mm), 无法观察到食管远距离的高清图像. 2009年廖专教授团队[42]改良了系线胶囊内镜, 设计了一个带透明薄乳胶套的系线胶囊内镜(sleeve string capsule endoscopy, SSCE), 将胶囊装在乳胶套筒内, 用一根细线连接到套筒的尾端. 线和乳胶套均为一次性使用, 操作完成后立即丢弃. 纳入2例健康志愿者和8例有食管症状患者的临床研究表明SSCE在应用过程中均没有乳胶套及丝线脱落或断裂, 摄取图像质量高, 在食管病变的诊断精确度与传统胃镜无差异. 为使系线胶囊内镜在完成食管检查后进一步进行胃、小肠等部位的检查, 廖专教授团队于2018年将SSCE改进为可拆式线控胶囊内镜(detachable string magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy, DS-MCE)[43]. DS-MCE即将一个半包裹式的透明薄乳胶套包裹在胶囊表面, 末端与一根长度为80 cm的空心线相连, 空心线的另一端可与注射器相连. 当食管检查完成后, 通过注射器向空心线内注入空气, 乳胶套与胶囊即可分离. 该技术不仅满足胶囊在食管部分的可控性, 胶囊与系线分离后可继续对胃、小肠进行检查, 同时避免了取出胶囊的不适. 临床对照实验显示, 在上消化道的检查方面, 尤其食道, DS-MCE比普通磁导航胶囊内镜效果更佳[44].
系线胶囊显微内镜(tethered capsule endomicroscopy, TCE): Ray等[45,46]将光学频域成像技术(optical frequency domain imaging, OFDI)与系线胶囊内镜相结合, 开发出一种新型系线胶囊显微内镜(TCE). 患者吞服后胶囊可沿途对消化道管壁进行3D成像, 获得30 μm(横向)×7 μm(轴向)分辨率的横断面显微图像, 最终重建成上消化道管壁完整3D视图. 胶囊被连接到一根系线上, 能够定位和取回, 设备回收消毒后可循环使用, 纳入38人的临床研究显示TCE对BE患者的观察率为90.3%. TCE可用于BE、食管恶性肿瘤等疾病的筛查[46], 其检查时间短(小于5 min、无需镇静、可床旁使用的特性有利于在基层医疗保健实践中广泛开展[47].
综上所述, 胶囊内镜因其便携性强、安全性高、患者适应性强、观察范围广等诸多特性在临床应用广泛, 但受限于胶囊内镜体积和电池电量, 其依然存在分辨率低、图像摄取速度慢、无法取活检等不足, 在食管疾病、上消化道早癌的筛查和诊断方面仍无法完全替代传统电子胃镜检查.
工程技术的不断革新缩短着胶囊内镜临床应用的局限性, 同时随着人工智能技术的快速发展, 计算机辅助诊断技术也逐渐应用于胶囊内镜的图像识别和病变鉴别诊断中, 未来有望减轻内镜医生的工作负担, 并有效提高胶囊内镜阅片效率和诊断准确性. 胶囊内镜磁控导航和三维重建技术有望重建消化道模型, 在疾病的定位、复杂手术建模及方案制定方面有着潜在研发及应用价值. 现阶段, 胶囊内镜仍局限于疾病观察和诊断方面, 未来的研究发展方向应逐渐向内镜操作和治疗迈进. 目前基于胶囊内镜的细针穿刺抽吸活检、给药系统等研究仍需要技术层面的改进优化及大规模临床试验进行验证. 新一代治疗胶囊内镜有望实现胶囊内镜下的药物精准释放、支架置入, 甚至局灶病变的切除等复杂操作. 期待随着工程技术的发展和大数据时代人工智能技术的引入, 上消化道胶囊内镜进一步向高清化、智能化、多功能化方向发展, 从而带来上消化道疾病诊疗的新革命.
学科分类: 胃肠病学和肝病学
手稿来源地: 北京市
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科学编辑:张砚梁 制作编辑:张砚梁
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