修回日期: 2021-04-24
接受日期: 2021-06-02
在线出版日期: 2021-07-28
随着人群饮食结构等因素的不断改变, 高脂血症性急性胰腺炎(hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis, HLAP)的发病率逐年增加. 尤其HLAP具有区别于其他类型急性胰腺炎的机制特点, 因此其临床诊疗存在本身的特殊性. 本篇将结合HLAP的研究进展进行综述.
核心提要: 本篇通过对高脂血症性急性胰腺炎的病因、发病机制及诊疗等方面的最新研究进行系统综述, 全面的概括了当前对高脂血症诱发的急性胰腺炎的认识, 并且通过回顾与展望明确了进一步对高脂血症性急性胰腺炎的研究方向和临床把握.
引文著录: 于先强, 李维勤. 高脂血症性急性胰腺炎研究进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2021; 29(14): 804-808
Revised: April 24, 2021
Accepted: June 2, 2021
Published online: July 28, 2021
With the continuous change of dietary structure and other factors, the incidence of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP) has increased year by year. In particular, HLAP is different from other types of acute pancreatitis in its mechanism, so its clinical diagnosis and treatment have its own particularity. In this paper, we review the progress in the research of HLAP.
- Citation: Yu XQ, Li WQ. Progress in research of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2021; 29(14): 804-808
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v29/i14/804.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v29.i14.804
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是临床常见的急腹症, 病情进展往往给患者带来极大痛苦和经济负担, 其主要的临床表现为急性上腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发热和血胰淀粉酶增高等特点[1-4]. 胆源性因素、酒精和高脂血症是AP的三大病因, 由各种病因导致的胰酶激活引发胰腺自身消化进而诱发局部炎症是目前公认的发病机制[5]. 此外, 病情发展或可伴随局部及全身并发症. 近些年随着人群饮食结构和习惯的调整, 高脂血症性急性胰腺炎(hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis, HLAP)的发病率逐渐增加, HLAP已经成为我中心首位的AP病因. 另外, HLAP有区别于其他类型AP的临床特点, 本篇将对HLAP发病及临床诊疗情况进展综述.
血清甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)显著升高是HLAP的诱发因素, 因此血脂代谢异常增高相关问题如高脂饮食、肥胖、脂肪肝、家族性高脂血症及糖尿病等都可能成为其潜在的危险因素[6,7]. HLAP具有AP常见的临床表现, 此外还具有发病年龄早、易复发、易发生重型急性胰腺炎等自身特点[8,9]. HLAP的病因广泛, 因而针对病因的进一步研究对于HLAP的诊疗尤为重要.
HLAP的发病机制复杂, 尽管相关研究逐年增加, HLAP的确切发病机制仍不明确. 较普遍认为TG分解产物游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid, FFA)是主要的毒性物质[10]. FFA超载直接损伤胰腺内腺泡细胞和血管内皮细胞,造成组织局部缺血和酸性环境,酸性环境不断刺激胰脂肪酶并加速FFA超载, 最终发挥FFA的毒性作用和组织损伤[11].
此外, 近些年的研究显示HLAP的发生与微循环障碍、钙超载与内质网应激以及基因突变有关[12]. 微循环障碍理论认为, 高脂血症患者体内蓄积大量乳糜微粒(chylomicron, CM)及FFA, 造成胰腺微循环不畅甚至缺血. 另外高脂血症患者血液粘稠度增加, 促使血小板释放的血栓素, 进而胰腺微血管收缩, 胰腺组织缺血缺氧, 最终诱发高脂血症性急性胰腺炎[13]. 钙超载与内质网应激理论认为, 大量代谢产物FFA诱发胰腺腺泡细胞及细胞器膜脂质过氧化,导致膜受体介导的信号转导紊乱,造成腺泡细胞内Ca2+超载,最终活化胰蛋白酶. 同时胞内Ca2+超载引发内质网应激,造成腺泡细胞损伤和死亡[14,15]. 近几年HLAP患者基因检测到特殊的现象, 患者CFTR基因突变率为26.1%,但在未发生HLAP的高脂血症患者中CFTR基因突变率只有1.3%[16]. 另外, 我们中心最近的研究发现两个脂蛋白酯酶(lipoprotein lipase, LPL)基因杂合突变W14X和l279v是复合且分离的, 这可能导致长期发生HLAP和复发性AP[17]. 另外最近有学者指出, C反应蛋白、红细胞分布宽度和坏死程度是HLAP进展风险的早期预测指标, 这对了解疾病的发生发展特点提供了帮助[18].
总的来说, HLAP是一种复杂的胰腺炎症性疾病,它的发生可能受多方面因素的影响,因此需要大量有价值的研究明确其具体的发生机制.
依据最新版《中国急性胰腺炎诊治指南(2019年, 沈阳)》(简称指南), 首先符合AP诊断标准, 且血清TG水平达到11.30 mmol/L, 可诊断为HLAP[19]. 需要注意的是, 若患者一周内无饮酒史, 且排除胆源性因素, 无外伤史及手术史, 血清TG水平在5.65-11.30 mmol/L之间, 具有AP临床表现时同样诊断为HLAP.
针对HLAP目前仍然没有标准的治疗规范. HLAP在一般治疗基础上的针对性治疗策略及综合管理是有效的干预措施, 尤其以降脂为目的的手段是治疗HLAP的关键. 结合临床有效的干预措施具体可以分为以下几个方面.
主要包括禁食水、早期液体复苏、抗感染、胃肠减压、营养支持、胰酶抑制及纠正电解质紊乱, 以及必要的抗休克治疗. 其中需要注意以下几个方面: (1)关于营养支持,住院期间需定期检测血脂水平, 发病3 d内严格禁止任何类型的脂肪乳输入,若TG降至5.65 mmol/L以下,可尝试输入短、中链脂肪乳[20]; (2)关于早期肠内营养有助于恢复胃肠蠕动, 不仅可以减少细菌易位、促进腹腔积液吸收, 还能够降低腹内压. 此外, 研究发现谷氨酰胺能够促进肠黏膜上皮细胞增殖并抑制炎症, 从而保护AP[21-23].
早期积极降脂是治疗HLAP的关键并可以改善预后. 降脂治疗主要包括药物降脂和血液净化. 临床上常见的降脂药物主要分为贝特类、他汀类、烟酸等, 其中贝特类为临床首选[24]. 另外有研究表明ω-3脂肪酸与降脂药物合用时, 能够显著降脂[25].
低分子肝素和胰岛素: 低分子肝素(low molecular weight heparin, LMWH)能够激活LPL, 促进CM分解, 从而降低TG水平, 同时还有修复血管内皮, 减少血小板聚集的抗血栓效果[26]. 另外, 最近的研究从机制上进一步阐明其明显的抗炎机制[27]. 胰岛素则主要通过降低ANGPTL3基因表达从而降低TG水平[28]. 胰岛素还具有抗炎及保护血管内皮等多重作用. LMWH和胰岛素作为临床老药在抗炎、抗凝及降脂方面的显著效果, 其联合应用于HLAP降脂已经被临床广泛推广[29].
血液净化: 血液净化是快速降脂的有效方法, 可迅速清除血浆中的CM和TG及胰酶浓度、降低炎性介质的炎性损伤. 临床常见的血液净化方式主要包括血浆置换(plasma exchange, PE)、血液滤过(hemofiltration, HF)、血液透析(hemodialysis, HD)、血液灌流(hemoperfusion, HP)等, 血液净化主要针对血脂严重异常的HLAP患者. 例如PE能够迅速降低HLAP患者TG水平, 清除炎症介质, 减轻全身炎症反应综合征, 达到治疗目的. 研究表明入院后立即行PE, 血浆TG下降了84%, 并且可以明显改善病程[30]. 但PE治疗存在成本高, 易发生过敏反应、发热及疾病传播. HF利用半透膜原理滤过吸附TG,并且交换的电解质溶液作为补充,达到血液净化的目的. 双重HF避免了新鲜冰冻血浆可能导致的过敏反应, 但价格昂贵[31]. HD将血液引流到体外进行交换并回输, 不仅清除TG等产物,还可以滤过体内过多的水分,达到维持内环境稳定的目的. HP则采用体外装置以固态吸附的方式清除TG等产物及炎性介质并完成血液回输, 最终达到治疗效果[32]. 此外, 也有研究表明血液灌流联合血液透析过滤是一种有效的治疗方法, 可有效降低血脂水平, 降低高脂血症引起急性胰腺炎的风险[33].
随着基因治疗技术的发展和广泛应用, HLAP的基因治疗逐渐被关注. 家族性乳糜微粒综合征(familial chylomicron syndrome, FCS)是一种罕见的8号染色体短臂上编码LPL基因的功能性缺失导致的遗传性疾病,患者往往幼年发生胰腺炎, 易反复发作[34]. 目前欧洲已通过针对FCS基因治疗的药物使用, 但其临床效果有待于进一步验证, 此外其高昂的价格也限制了临床广泛推广.
中医理论认为, HLAP的发生由于肝郁气滞、脾胃实热及腑气不通所致, 因此应以清热解毒、疏肝理气、通腑泻下为原则进行治疗. 国内学者的研究表明HLAP患者中药治疗如清胰汤、大承气汤等明显减轻症状改善预后[35,36]. 另外, 电针技术作为传统中医针灸的进一步发展, 能够降低HLAP患者炎性介质, 减轻炎症, 尤其在改善胃肠道功能方面有显著的效果, 同时也需要更多有力的临床证据加以验证[37-41].
HLAP的外科治疗主要体现在并发症的处理上. 如发生胰腺假性囊肿、消化道瘘、胰瘘、胰腺出血、感染及坏死等情况时, 必要的外科干预治疗能够取得良好的效果[42]. 需要强调的是, 外科干预的目的在于减轻并发症, 缓解症状, 过度的外科干预可能带来负面的临床效果. 同时个体化的微创外科处理对于降低手术创伤、提高救治率具有重要意义.
随着人群饮食结构等因素的不断改变, HLAP的发病率逐年增加. 尤其, HLAP的病理生理机制复杂目前仍不能明确其具体的发生机制, 当下从微循环障碍、钙超载与内质网应激以及基因突变等角度的理解与思考也为指导临床治疗提供了有力的理论基础. 同时个体化病因基础上的治疗策略选择将更加精准的改善HLAP患者临床病程和预后. 此外, 关于HLAP发病机制的深入研究尤为重要.
学科分类: 胃肠病学和肝病学
手稿来源地: 江苏省
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