修回日期: 2020-10-03
接受日期: 2020-10-16
在线出版日期: 2020-11-28
水辅助结肠镜较于传统注气法在临床应用中有减轻腹痛程度、提高盲肠插管率、提高结肠腺瘤检出率、提高较大息肉的完整切除率等优势, 正逐渐成为国内外关注的焦点. 本文就水辅助结肠镜的产生、发展、检查优势、治疗上的应用及存在的不足等方面进行详细阐述.
核心提要: 水辅助结肠镜较于传统注气法在临床应用中有减轻腹痛程度、提高盲肠插管率、提高结肠腺瘤检出率、提高较大息肉的完整切除率等优势, 正逐渐成为国内外关注的焦点, 特别是水下内镜黏膜切除术及水下内镜黏膜下剥离术技术的开展.
引文著录: 沈军权. 水辅助结肠镜的发展现状. 世界华人消化杂志 2020; 28(22): 1162-1166
Revised: October 3, 2020
Accepted: October 16, 2020
Published online: November 28, 2020
Compared with the traditional air insufflation method, water-assisted colonoscopy has many advantages in clinical application with regard to reduced abdominal pain, increased cecal intubation rate, increased detection rate of colon adenoma, and increased complete resection rate of larger polyps. It has gradually attracted more and more attention both in China and other countries. The aim of this article is to elaborate the invention, development, and therapeutic applications of water-assisted colonoscopy, as well as its advantages and shortcomings.
- Citation: Shen JQ. Current status of water-assisted colonoscopy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28(22): 1162-1166
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v28/i22/1162.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v28.i22.1162
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是人类最常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 根据2012年WHO(世界卫生组织)统计, CRC全球新发病例136万人, 位居女性恶性肿瘤第2位, 男性恶性肿瘤第3位; 同年死亡病例69.4万人, 占所有恶性肿瘤死亡的8.5%, 严重威胁了人类健康. 内镜检查是早期CRC筛查的金标准[1], 且结肠镜的应用也随着现代技术发展, 从最初对疾病的诊断发展到对息肉、早癌等疾病进行内镜黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection, EMR)、内镜黏膜下剥离术(underwater endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)的微创治疗[2,3]. 传统注气式结肠镜属于有创操作, 可造成患者腹胀、腹痛等不适. 部分患者由于对腹痛的恐惧, 要求无痛肠镜检查, 甚至拒绝检查, 影响了疾病的诊治. 为了减少患者对结肠镜检查的恐惧, 提高其耐受性, 水辅助结肠镜的出现为解决上述问题提供了有利条件, 并逐渐成为国内外医师关注的焦点[4,5]. 本文将从四个方面对水辅助结肠镜进行阐述.
在大肠疾病的诊断和治疗中, 结肠镜的作用仍然不可替代. 目前, 各国内镜进镜方法常规采用空气注入法和Kudo Sinea的"循腔进镜, 纵轴短缩"法, 辅以腹部按压和体位改变来完成对全结肠的探查. 这种检查方法容易导致肠管过度膨胀和延伸, 加重肠管成袢、成角, 使内镜难以插入, 容易引起患者腹痛、腹胀不适, 少数患者甚至因此而中止诊疗, 或拒绝复查, 极大地限制了肠镜普及. 为提高病人的耐受性, 对注入介质的更换、镇静镇痛药物的应用、插镜技巧改进等进行了尝试, 其中, 无痛肠镜应用最广.
然而, 静脉麻醉是一把双刃剑, 在减轻患者腹部不适的同时, 术中的麻醉风险是一大隐患. 无痛肠镜检查有一定的适应人群, 胃肠道出血、心律失常、电解质紊乱等是麻醉的禁忌症, 而静脉麻醉费用相对较高, 且现场必须有麻醉医师监护, 术后苏醒和恢复时间较长, 这大大限制了无痛结肠镜的发展[6,7]. 因此, 寻找一种痛苦小、操作简便、成本低的结肠镜检查方法, 对内镜医师具有重要的意义.
美国学者Falchuk和Griffin[8]于1984年首次报道采用注水法应用于内镜检查, 解决了传统注气法无法通过多发憩室的问题, 从而开辟了注水结肠镜的发展之路. 直至2011年, Leung等[9]于DDW先锋论坛上正式完整阐述了注水进镜方法: (1)在操作前先检查内镜的注水泵及注气泵是否正常; (2)在进镜时, 为避免注入空气, 要求关闭注气泵; (3)脚踏控制注水泵, 通过活检孔道注水开放肠腔, 以结肠镜能辨认肠腔走形为宜; (4)如果肠道内有较多伴有粪杂的混悬液, 尽可能的吸除, 进行水交换, 避免吸到肠腔黏膜, 使肠腔清晰可见; (5)如果插镜顺利, 需将多余的水吸除, 同时吸除肠腔残余气体, 以免过度充盈肠腔, 易于成角, 增加患者的不适; (6)确认见到回盲瓣和阑尾口即为盲肠插管完成. 退镜时打开主机注气泵, 注气详细观察结肠, 并吸除残留水; (7)在进镜的过程中, 始终按"循腔进镜、纵轴短缩"法进行, 并辅以腹部按压, 必要时改变患者体位. 至此奠定了注水结肠镜在临床应用中独立的诊疗价值和地位. 随后内镜医师们对注水结肠镜的研究热情高涨, 广泛开展, 并逐渐形成了2种方式: 水交换结肠镜(water exchange colonoscopy, WEC)及注水式结肠镜(water immersion colonoscopy, WIC). 他们的不同在于WEC是在进镜同时吸出伴有粪杂的混悬液, 通过水交换以提高肠腔视野[10,11]; WIC需在撤镜过程中清除注入的水[12,13]. 但也有内镜医师在临床工作中不具体区分, 并将其统称为"注水式结肠镜检查法".
水辅助结肠镜检查减轻腹痛[14-16]原因分析: 结肠镜检查时患者常规取左侧卧位, 乙状结肠的位置高于降结肠, 注入的水由于受到重力作用, 从位置较高的乙状结肠流向位置较低的降结肠, 拉伸、拉直了乙状结肠, 克服了传统注气法中空气容易在乙状结肠形成"气袋", 在浮力的作用下使其移向患者右侧及脐侧, 加重乙状结肠扭曲的这一缺点. 从而减少成袢、成角, 降低移向腹腔中心的概率, 使肠镜易于通过左半结肠[17,18], 减少了肠系膜牵拉[19], 降低腹痛发生率. 也有一些研究认为水辅助结肠镜中注入的温水能润滑肠道, 使肠镜通过更顺利; 同时注入的温水能缓解肠道的痉挛[20,21], 从而减轻腹痛, 但水温的升高并不能提高腹痛的缓解率[15]. 水辅助结肠镜在一定程度上能减轻患者不适感, 提高对检查的满意度, 从而减少对麻醉的需求, 进而减少麻醉风险, 同时减轻了患者的经济负担; 但能否完全替代无痛结肠镜仍需要大量的临床研究来进一步证实.
结肠镜检查中最令人关注的除了腹痛程度, 还有到达回盲部的成功率, 特别是在困难肠镜的操作. 目前对于困难肠镜尚无明确的定义,但往往与下列因素相关,如年龄(<20岁或>80岁)、性别(低BMI的女性)、肠道准备不理想、既往有腹、盆腔手术史、结肠冗长、肠道炎症、下消化道出血等[22,23]. Leung等[24]对有腹部手术史的退伍军人进行随机对照试验分析, 结果注水组(19/22)完成未镇静结肠镜检查的比例显注高于空气组(11/22) (P = 0.0217), 认为注水法在困难结肠镜检查中有优势. Vemulapalli等[25]对包含了既往有盆腹部手术史及低IBM的女性的110例患者进行了随机对照研究,结果表明注水组的达盲率更高, 腹痛评分更低. 西京医院罗慧等[26]一项随机对照研究显示, 水辅助结肠镜检查能明显提高对既往有腹、盆腔手术的非麻醉患者盲肠插管率(92.7% vs 76.4%). 应用注水法能够提高盲肠插管成功率, 因为注水不会过度延长肠管, 在重力作用下, 水具有导航作用, 能够帮助寻腔,辅助完成肠镜检查, 从而使标准肠镜的长度足以到达回盲部[27]. 在初学者培训方面, 水辅助结肠镜较注气法不易过度充气、扩张肠管, 减少成攀、成角, 操作易于学习, 盲肠插管率优于传统注气法, 但能否作为培训初学者的新方式需要更多的研究[28].
2012年Binmoeller等[30]受超声内镜检查的启发, 发现肠腔充水后, 结肠的黏膜及黏膜下层可产生类似水的"浮力"作用, 可与固有肌层分离, 从而提出了水下内镜黏膜切除术(underwater endoscopic mucosal resection, UEMR). 近期Schenck等[31]通过对101例息肉(≥15 mm)摘除患者进行回顾性分析(55例UEMR, 46例EMR), 结果发现UEMR组对于较大息肉完整切除率(98.6%)显著高EMR组(87.6%); 通过肠镜随访, EMR组的复发率明显高于UEMR组(28.3% vs 7.6%, P = 0.008). 温必盛等[32]对37例结直肠广基息肉(≥20 mm)均行UEMR, 术后进行9-48 mo随访, 中位随访时间为25.6 mo, 均未复发. 以上研究显示在较大结直肠息肉切除上UEMR优于常规EMR. 初步显示了UEMR有较好的可行性, 值得临床进一步深入研究.
2016年日本学者Yoshii等[33]首次成功开展了1例直肠黏膜下神经内分泌肿瘤水下内镜黏膜下剥离术(underwater endoscopic submucosal dissection, UESD), 随后Yoshii等[34]又对1例胃体大弯侧早期胃癌实施UESD, 也完整剥离病灶. 这些个案研究结果显示黏膜及黏膜下组织由于受水的浮力, 可克服重力, 产生"漂浮", 进而起着较好的辅助牵引作用. 水下的光学变焦效应可放大组织结构, 在纤维化时也有助于提供更为精准的剥离层面, 提示UESD不失为一种有前途的微创治疗手段. 但该技术开展时间短, 样本量较少, 目前很难对其做出恰当的评价, 还需更多的临床研究资料予以进一步证实.
尽管有上述诸多优点, 其也存在一些缺点. 如遇到困难肠镜, 水辅助结肠镜注入的无菌水过多(≥2 L), 需注意患者的血电解质平衡的监测, 有可能发生水中毒[35], 出现头痛、共济失调等精神症状, 严重时甚至可发生脑水肿, 引发脑疝危及生命. 退镜观察时, 结肠的大量注水须吸除, 会导致检查时间相对延长, 在一定程度上会加重我国大型医院肠镜诊疗任务. 对于老年患者, 往往伴有肛门括约肌松弛, 可能会出现一边注水一边污染床单及衣物, 影响患者及操作者心情; 同时术中需要间断补充注水[33], 相对影响操作时间. 肠腔收缩或术中出血量大会影响操作视野, 需吸去水而换用注气法[35,36].
综上所述, 水辅助结肠镜技术作为一项新兴的技术, 拓宽了内镜检查及微创治疗手段, 也使这项技术易于掌握且操作方便. 今后尚需开展临床随机对照研究, 进一步明确水辅助检查镜检查、UESD、UEMR与常规注气法、EMR、ESD相比的优势及适应证, 以便在临床应用推广.
学科分类: 胃肠病学和肝病学
手稿来源地: 浙江省
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