This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Diagnosis and treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: Current status and main problems
Jie Fu, Qiang Liu, Guo-Xing Liu, Xun-Di Xu
Jie Fu, Qiang Liu, Guo-Xing Liu, Xun-Di Xu, Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University;Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research. Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
Correspondence to: Xun-Di Xu, Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Furong District, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China. xuxundi@csu.edu.cn
Received: July 24, 2017 Revised: August 19, 2017 Accepted: August 30, 2017 Published online: November 18, 2017
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a disease of various causes, characterized by pancreatic enzyme activation and local pancreatic inflammatory response. Serious cases may develop systemic inflammatory response syndrome and even organ dysfunction. Severe AP (SAP) as a category of AP associated with persistent organ failure (>48 h) has an acute onset and high fatality rate. SAP accounts for about 5%-10% of all AP cases, with 30%-50% mortality rate. In this paper, we discuss the current status and main problems on the diagnosis and treatment of SAP based on the literature and our experience.
Key Words: Acute pancreatitis; Severe acute pancreatitis; Treatment; Review
Citation: Fu J, Liu Q, Liu GX, Xu XD. Diagnosis and treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: Current status and main problems. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25(32): 2851-2857
DeFrances CJ, Cullen KA, Kozak LJ. National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2005 annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data.Vital Health Stat 13. 2007;1-209.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Sullivan T. The changing character of acute pancreatitis: epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis.Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009;11:97-103.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Xu H, Li Y, Yan J, Cai Y, Yang H, Liu J, Zhang Q, Ji M, Lu J, Zou J. [Severity analyese of acute pancreatitis based on etiology].Zhonghua YiXue ZaZhi. 2014;94:3220-3223.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, Gooszen HG, Johnson CD, Sarr MG, Tsiotos GG, Vege SS; Acute Pancreatitis Classification Working Group. Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus.Gut. 2013;62:102-111.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Hirota M, Mayumi T, Shimosegawa T. Acute pancreatitis bundles: 10 clinical regulations for the early management of patients with severe acute pancreatitis in Japan.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2014;21:829-830.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kuwabara K, Matsuda S, Fushimi K, Ishikawa KB, Horiguchi H, Fujimori K. Early crystalloid fluid volume management in acute pancreatitis: association with mortality and organ failure.Pancreatology. 2011;11:351-361.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Mikami Y, Takeda K, Matsuda K, Qiu-Feng H, Fukuyama S, Egawa S, Sunamura M, Matsuno S. Rat experimental model of continuous regional arterial infusion of protease inhibitor and its effects on severe acute pancreatitis.Pancreas. 2005;30:248-253.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Yasuda I, Nakashima M, Iwai T, Isayama H, Itoi T, Hisai H, Inoue H, Kato H, Kanno A, Kubota K. Japanese multicenter experience of endoscopic necrosectomy for infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis: The JENIPaN study.Endoscopy. 2013;45:627-634.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, De Waele J, Jaeschke R, Malbrain ML, De Keulenaer B, Duchesne J, Bjorck M, Leppaniemi A, Ejike JC. Intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome: updated consensus definitions and clinical practice guidelines from the World Society of the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome.Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1190-1206.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Babu RY, Gupta R, Kang M, Bhasin DK, Rana SS, Singh R. Predictors of surgery in patients with severe acute pancreatitis managed by the step-up approach.Ann Surg. 2013;257:737-750.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Gardner TB, Coelho-Prabhu N, Gordon SR, Gelrud A, Maple JT, Papachristou GI, Freeman ML, Topazian MD, Attam R, Mackenzie TA. Direct endoscopic necrosectomy for the treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis: results from a multicenter U.S. series.Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:718-726.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Yokoe M, Takada T, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Isaji S, Wada K, Itoi T, Sata N, Gabata T, Igarashi H. Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: Japanese Guidelines 2015.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015;22:405-432.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS; American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1400-1415; 1416.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Isaji S, Takada T, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, Wada K, Yokoe M, Itoi T, Gabata T. Revised Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis 2015: revised concepts and updated points.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2015;22:433-445.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Yadav D, O'Connell M, Papachristou GI. Natural history following the first attack of acute pancreatitis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:1096-1103.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Bollen TL, Singh VK, Maurer R, Repas K, van Es HW, Banks PA, Mortele KJ. A comparative evaluation of radiologic and clinical scoring systems in the early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:612-619.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Georgopoulou AP, Savva A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Georgitsi M, Raftogiannis M, Antonakos N, Apostolidou E, Carrer DP, Dimopoulos G, Economou A. Early changes of procalcitonin may advise about prognosis and appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy in sepsis.J Crit Care. 2011;26:331.e1-331.e7.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Petrov MS, Kukosh MV, Emelyanov NV. A randomized controlled trial of enteral versus parenteral feeding in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis shows a significant reduction in mortality and in infected pancreatic complications with total enteral nutrition.Dig Surg. 2006;23:336-344; discussion 344-345.
[PubMed] [DOI]
McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, Warren MM, Johnson DR, Braunschweig C, McCarthy MS, Davanos E, Rice TW, Cresci GA. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.).JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40:159-211.
[PubMed] [DOI]
McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, Ochoa JB, Napolitano L, Cresci G; A. S.P.E.N. Board of Directors; American College of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine. Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Adult Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.).JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009;33:277-316.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Eatock FC, Chong P, Menezes N, Murray L, McKay CJ, Carter CR, Imrie CW. A randomized study of early nasogastric versus nasojejunal feeding in severe acute pancreatitis.Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:432-439.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Chang YS, Fu HQ, Xiao YM, Liu JC. Nasogastric or nasojejunal feeding in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis.Crit Care. 2013;17:R118.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Chen J, Fukami N, Li Z. Endoscopic approach to pancreatic pseudocyst, abscess and necrosis: review on recent progress.Dig Endosc. 2012;24:299-308.
[PubMed] [DOI]
van Baal MC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, van Santvoort HC, Schaapherder AF, Nieuwenhuijs VB, Gooszen HG, van Ramshorst B, Boerma D; Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. Timing of cholecystectomy after mild biliary pancreatitis: a systematic review.Ann Surg. 2012;255:860-866.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Nguyen GC, Rosenberg M, Chong RY, Chong CA. Early cholecystectomy and ERCP are associated with reduced readmissions for acute biliary pancreatitis: a nationwide, population-based study.Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:47-55.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Bakker OJ, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, van der Harst E, Hofker HS, Gooszen HG; Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. Prevention, detection, and management of infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis.Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009;11:104-110.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Petrov MS, Shanbhag S, Chakraborty M, Phillips AR, Windsor JA. Organ failure and infection of pancreatic necrosis as determinants of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis.Gastroenterology. 2010;139:813-820.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis.Pancreatology. 2013;13:e1-e15.
[PubMed] [DOI]