修回日期: 2017-04-23
接受日期: 2017-05-08
在线出版日期: 2017-06-18
循证医学证据是评价临床治疗手段安全性和有效性的最佳证据. 食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding, EVB)是消化科常见危急重症之一, 严重威胁着肝硬化患者生命安全和身心健康, 近年来, 能够有效运用循证医学方法为食管胃底静脉曲张的治疗寻找最佳临床依据、制定循证治疗方案成为临床医生的迫切要求. 本文就EVB的内镜下治疗方面的循证医学研究进展做一综述.
核心提要: 内镜下治疗是食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding, EVB)的主要治疗手段之一, 本文综述了近年来EVB常见内镜下治疗方法的循证研究进展, 评估不同治疗方法的优缺点, 以期为临床制定优效性的治疗策略提供一定的依据.
引文著录: 徐华兵, 安振涛, 宣佶, 文卫. 食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的内镜循证治疗进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2017; 25(17): 1558-1563
Revised: April 23, 2017
Accepted: May 8, 2017
Published online: June 18, 2017
Evidence-based medicine is the use of the best evidence to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of clinical treatments. Esophagogastric variceal bleeding (EVB) is a common critical gastrointestinal disease, seriously threatening the life and the physical and mental health of patients with cirrhosis. In recent years, there is an urgent need among clinicians to effectively use evidence-based medicine to find the best clinical evidence and formulate evidence-based treatment regimens for EVB. This paper reviews the progress in evidence-based endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric variceal bleeding.
- Citation: Xu HB, An ZT, Xuan J, Wen W. Evidence-based endoscopic treatment of esophagogastric variceal bleeding. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25(17): 1558-1563
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v25/i17/1558.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v25.i17.1558
食管胃底静脉曲张(esophageal gastric varices, EGV)是肝硬化患者门脉高压最为常见的并发症, 可见于约50%的肝硬化患者[1,2], EGV破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleeding, EVB)则是肝硬化患者常见致死原因之一, 流行病学研究资料[3,4]显示其首次出血病死率高达25%-50%, 6 wk死亡率达10%-20%, 有效防治EVB是肝硬化患者临床治疗中的重要问题. 近年来, 随着消化内镜诊疗技术的不断发展和推广应用, 内镜下治疗已成为EVB重要且有效的治疗手段, 回顾性研究[5]表明, 积极有效的内镜下治疗可使EVB死亡率下降至10%, 甚至更低. 回顾近年来国内外有关EVB内镜治疗的随机对照临床试验(randomized controlled trials, RCT)和系统评价(system review, SR或Meta分析)研究文献, 初步阐述EVB的内镜循证治疗如下.
1989年, Stiegman等[6]首次报道了内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术(endoscopic variceal ligation, EVL), 这是一种由痔疮套扎治疗术演变而来的内镜治疗方法, 以其操作简单、相对安全的优势广泛运用于EVB的治疗[7-9].
Liu等[10]将101例急诊EVB患者随机分为EVL+奥曲肽组(EVL组)和奥曲肽组, 结果显示急诊止血失败率EVL组(10%)与奥曲肽组(25%)之间存在显著差异(P<0.05), 在平均输血量(2.4±2.2)、平均住院时间7.4 mo±1.3 mo及平均住院费用10983元±1147元方面亦均明显低于单用奥曲肽组(6.4±3.4、11.4±3.3和13921±2107)(P<0.05), 表明EVL联合药物在急诊止血方面优于单用药物治疗, 显示出其显著的疗效优势. 一项涉及150例急诊EVB患者的RCT[11]结果表明, 对于连通型EGV急诊EVL止血率达81%, 虽然首次治疗静脉曲张闭合率(33%)低于组织胶注射治疗(52%), 但发热、胸痛及自发性腹膜炎的发生率则明显低于组织胶注射治疗(P<0.05). Ljubicić等[12]将43例EVB患者随机分为EVL组(n = 21)和组织黏合剂注射组(n = 22), 2组患者在急诊EVB止血的成功率方面无明显差异(P<0.05), 虽然EVL组的再出血率(4.7%)低于组织黏合剂注射组(13.6%), 但未表现出显著的统计学差异(P = 0.60692), 说明二者在急诊EVB止血方面具有相似的作用. 但Dai等[13]进行的一项包含14项RCT涉及1236名急诊EVB患者的荟萃分析结果则显示, 急诊EVB患者EVL组再出血率明显低于硬化剂治疗组(RR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.57-0.81), 食管静脉曲张闭合率高于硬化剂治疗组(RR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.12), 且并发症发生率明显低于硬化剂治疗组(RR = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.13-0.58), 而在死亡率方面2组无显著性差异(RR = 0.95, 95%CI: 0.77-1.17), 表明EVL可能是急诊EVB患者首选治疗措施. 一项有关EVL最优时间窗的RCT研究[14]表明, 食管静脉曲张闭合时间每月一次组为2.7 mo, 而每两周一次组则为1.7 mo, 平均治疗周期分别为2.3 mo±2 mo和3.0 mo±1.8 mo, 随访2.3 mo后再出血率、静脉曲张复发率和死亡率均无显著差异, 而每月注射一次组EVL后溃疡发生率则明显低于两周一次组(11% vs 57%, P<0.001), 表明每月一次的EVL相对于每两周一次的治疗可能为更有效的治疗时间窗. 因此, EVL是EVB的有效治疗措施, 且在急诊EVB治疗中效果更佳.
内镜下注射治疗是EVB常见的一线治疗方法, 包括内镜下硬化剂注射治疗(endoscopic injection sclerotherapy, EIS)和内镜下组织胶注射治疗(endoscopic histoacryl injection, EHI), 可有效控制EVB, 并尽可能使EGV减轻或消失, 以防其再出血[15,16].
从20世纪70年代, EIS开始逐渐应用于EVB的治疗, 特别在食管静脉曲张及其出血的治疗中疗效确切, 应用广泛[17,18], 日本一项有关2105例患者的RCT研究[19]结果表明, 采用大剂量硬化剂注射方法, 食管静脉曲张破裂出血急诊止血率达98.9%, 食管静脉曲张完全消失率为83.5%. Krige等[20]进行的一项跨度22年涉及1096例肝硬化患者的队列研究结果显示EIS止血率达98.1%, 治疗过程中Child-Pugh A级患者未见死亡病例, Child-Pugh B级和Child-Pugh C级患者死亡率达24.8%, 证明随着Child-Pugh分级升高患者行EIS死亡率亦会增加. Yoshida等[21]报道胃内曲张静脉EIS对阻断术后复发食管静脉曲张的供给静脉有显著疗效. 虽然EIS表现出较高的的急诊止血率, 但D'Amico等[22]进行的纳入1146例患者的12项RCT研究的荟萃分析指出: 急诊EIS与特利加压素、生长抑素及奥曲肽治疗比较, 在止血率、再出血率、病死率及输血量方面均无显著差异, 且不良反应较多, 并不推荐急诊EVB应用.
EHI是利用组织胶注射进血管后发生聚合反应, 迅速从液态转化为固态从而即刻堵塞静脉腔进而达到即时止血效果的治疗方法[23,24]. 研究显示[25,26], 对于食管胃静脉曲张2型和孤立的胃静脉曲张1型EHI被推荐作为首选的内镜下止血治疗措施. Tantau等[27]对EVL和EHI对EVB治疗效果进行对比研究, 将37例患者随机分为EHI组(19例)和EVL组(18例), EHI组止血成功率高于EVL组(100% vs 88.88%, P = 0.43), 而分别随访427.26 d±214.16 d和406.21 d±213.23 d后, 发现EHI组再出血率明显低于EVL组(31.57% vs 72.22%, P = 0.03), 说明EHI治疗急性EVB的在止血率及再出血率方面优于EVL. Kim等[28]在评价EHI对胃底静脉曲张破裂出血治疗作用的RCT研究中发现, EHI初期止血率为93%, 1 mo再出血率为16.1%, 随访1 mo、12 mo、34 mo的再出血率分别为95.1%, 83.2%和74%, 生存率分别为78.3%, 61.9%和54.6%, 证明EHI是胃底静脉曲张破裂出血安全有效的治疗措施.
自膨式覆膜食管金属支架(self-expandable esophageal metallic stent, SEMS)是治疗恶性食管狭窄和封堵瘘口的有效手段[29,30], 国内尚无应用于EVB的临床经验, 国外学者研究[31,32]证实, SEME可作为难治性食管静脉曲张破裂出血危及患者生命时有效的急诊挽救治疗方法. Holster等[33]对5例难治性食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者采用急诊SEMS治疗, 初步止血成功率为100%, 持续控制出血率为90%, 2例患者14 d取出支架, 3例患者直到死亡(6-214 d). 虽然SEMS对于急性EVB表现出很好的应用前景, 可能成为球囊扩张止血或三腔二囊管止血良好的替代方法, 但国内外目前仍缺乏大样本的RCT或Meta分析提供高质量的循证医学数据证明其优效性, 仍需进一步研究.
目前内镜下EVL、EIS和EHI等治疗方法已在EVB的临床治疗中广泛开展, 且疗效显著, 但各种方法均有其弊端和不足, 内镜下联合治疗或内镜治疗与其他治疗手段联合治疗证实可进一步降低并发症发生率、提高生存率并以此改善患者预后等[34,35].
Gonzalez等[36]在评估内镜治疗和β受体阻滞剂联合对EVB预后的影响时, 共纳入包含1860例患者的23个RCT, Meta分析结果显示联合疗法在降低再次出血方面(RR = 0.68, 95%CI: 0.52-0.89, I2 = 61%)优于单用β受体阻滞剂(RR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.59-0.86, I2 = 0%), 联合治疗在患者死亡率方面与内镜治疗(OR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.58-1.07)或单用β受体阻滞剂(OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.46-1.06)之间未显示出显著差异, 说明内镜联合药物治疗对降低再出血率显著优于单用内镜治疗或是单用药物治疗. Zeng等[37]进行的一项涉及96例EVB患者的RCT研究, 随机分为联合组(组织胶联合聚桂醇)和组织胶组, 研究结果显示除脱落的2例外其余均成功止血, 2组中均未见不良反应, 联合组中组织胶用量明显低于组织胶组(0.9 mL±0.5 mL vs 2.0 mL±1.2 mL, P = 0.000), 在治疗失败率、并发症发生率及胃底静脉曲张闭合率和生存率方面2组之间未显示显著差异, 说明对于胃底静脉曲张破裂出血联合组比单用组织胶组更有疗效优势. Chen等[38]回顾性研究套扎联合组织胶治疗和套扎联合组织胶加硬化剂治疗对EVB二级预防疗效差异时, 对2组患者中位随访23.4 mo后在再出血率(29.7% vs 47.5%, P = 0.097)和死亡率(12.5% vs 14.8%, P = 0.879)方面无显著差异, 有腹水患者的再出血率显著低于不含硬化剂的治疗组(26.3% vs 59.4%, P = 0.020), 说明在EVB的二级预防中不含硬化剂的联合治疗效果更优. 由此可见, 内镜下联合治疗在EVB治疗方面更具应用前景.
近年来, 内镜诊疗技术的不断进步和发展为EVB的预防和治疗开启了新的篇章, 随着临床循证医学研究的在EVB治疗方面的进一步应用和完善, 循证医学证据将为EVB临床选择优效性的治疗方法和制定优质的临床决策提供更多的科学依据, 回顾近年来EVB的循证医学研究, 有关EVB内镜循证治疗的研究取得了一定的成果[39-41], 但仍存在一些问题和不足: (1)国内外多数RCT存在方法学质量偏低、数据处理的可信度差、设计方案不够完善和严谨等问题, 国内的RCT研究尤为明显, 如研究中缺少具体的随机分组方法、样本量少、对照方法不规范等; (2)缺少对EVB内镜治疗并发症的循证医学研究, 如对组织胶异位栓塞、感染等的循证研究; (3)研究内容多为临床循证研究, 缺乏基础研究; (4)缺少对EVB内镜下规范性治疗的循证医学研究, 如预防性治疗时机、治疗时间窗等的研究; 针对以上问题, 加强对EVB内镜下治疗的设计严谨、大样本、多中心的RCT或Meta分析研究, 提供更多优质循证医学证据, 将为提高EVB内镜治疗疗效、改善患者预后等起到积极的促进作用.
食管胃底静脉曲张(esophageal gastric varices, EGV)破裂出血是肝硬化常见的并发症, 是肝硬化患者常见死亡原因之一, 严重威胁着肝硬化患者生命安全和身心健康, 消化内镜在EGV破裂出血(esophagogastric variceal bleedling, EVB)的诊断、治疗和预防中起着重要作用, 深入研究不同内镜下治疗方法的循证医学证据, 对EVB的防治具有重要意义.
近年来, 随着消化内镜技术的发展和推广运用, 极大地降低了肝硬化患者EVB的死亡率和再出血率, 但不同的内镜下治疗方法有其各自的局限性, 总结不同治疗方法的优势和不足, 制定优效性的临床策略是目前研究重点, 且有其深入研究的必要性.
针对EVB的研究很多, 许多临床工作者通过进行随机对照临床试验(randomized controlled trials, RCT)和系统评价(system review, SR或Meta分析)评估不同的治疗方法, 以期寻求更为有效的治疗策略和探索新的内镜治疗方法.
近年来, 针对EVB内镜下治疗的RCT和SR或Meta分析较多、较杂, 本文即对相关研究做一梳理, 并提出问题和展望.
EVB的内镜循证治疗进展一文, 主要梳理了近年来内镜下治疗方法在EVB中的循证医学证据, 为本领域研究者梳理文献, 提出问题和展望, 为内镜下治疗EVB的临床研究提供一定的依据.
循证医学: 指临床实践需结合临床医生的个人经验、患者意愿和来自系统化评价和合成的研究证据.
刘爱群, 副主任医师, 广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院内科; 谢义民, 副主任医师, 重庆三峡中心医院二外儿科
本文从EGV治疗历史的演变过程进行综述, 层次分明, 可给阅读者带来不少临床经验, 值得发表.
手稿来源: 自由投稿
学科分类: 胃肠病学和肝病学
手稿来源地: 江苏省
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