This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Shang-Rui Yu, Xiao-Jun Huang, Ya-Ping Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China
Correspondence to: Xiao-Jun Huang, Professor, Chief Physician, Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, 80 Cuiying Door, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730030, Gansu Province, China. huangxj62@163.com
Received: September 1, 2016 Revised: September 13, 2016 Accepted: September 25, 2016 Published online: November 18, 2016
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. In addition to environmental, socioeconomic, and dietary factors, hereditary factors also play an important role in the development of gastric cancer. Although some driver genes have been identified in gastric cancer, the molecular compositions of gastric cancer have not been fully understood. Genome-wide association studies, copy number variations and next-generation sequencing provide systematic methods to identify all genetic alterations in the cancer genome, especially in the field of mutation detection. Here we make a brief review of the current status of research on gastric cancer genetics.
Key Words: Gastric cancer; Genetic studies; Genome-wide association studies; Copy number variations; Next-generation sequencing
Citation: Yu SR, Huang XJ, Zhang YP. Gastric cancer related genes. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24(32): 4381-4388
Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012.Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1374-1403.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Berx G, Staes K, van Hengel J, Molemans F, Bussemakers MJ, van Bokhoven A, van Roy F. Cloning and characterization of the human invasion suppressor gene E-cadherin (CDH1).Genomics. 1995;26:281-289.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Vermeulen S, Van Marck V, Van Hoorde L, Van Roy F, Bracke M, Mareel M. Regulation of the invasion suppressor function of the cadherin/catenin complex.Pathol Res Pract. 1996;192:694-707.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Takeda K, Shimozono R, Noguchi T, Umeda T, Morimoto Y, Naguro I, Tobiume K, Saitoh M, Matsuzawa A, Ichijo H. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 2 functions as a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase in a heteromeric complex with ASK1.J Biol Chem. 2007;282:7522-7531.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Iriyama T, Takeda K, Nakamura H, Morimoto Y, Kuroiwa T, Mizukami J, Umeda T, Noguchi T, Naguro I, Nishitoh H. ASK1 and ASK2 differentially regulate the counteracting roles of apoptosis and inflammation in tumorigenesis.EMBO J. 2009;28:843-853.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Eto N, Miyagishi M, Inagi R, Fujita T, Nangaku M. Mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase 6 mediates angiogenic and tumorigenic effects via vascular endothelial growth factor expression.Am J Pathol. 2009;174:1553-1563.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Hahn SA, Schutte M, Hoque AT, Moskaluk CA, da Costa LT, Rozenblum E, Weinstein CL, Fischer A, Yeo CJ, Hruban RH. DPC4, a candidate tumor suppressor gene at human chromosome 18q21.1.Science. 1996;271:350-353.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Shioda T, Lechleider RJ, Dunwoodie SL, Li H, Yahata T, de Caestecker MP, Fenner MH, Roberts AB, Isselbacher KJ. Transcriptional activating activity of Smad4: roles of SMAD hetero-oligomerization and enhancement by an associating transactivator.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:9785-9790.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kim BG, Li C, Qiao W, Mamura M, Kasprzak B, Anver M, Wolfraim L, Hong S, Mushinski E, Potter M. Smad4 signalling in T cells is required for suppression of gastrointestinal cancer.Nature. 2006;441:1015-1019.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Takaku K, Miyoshi H, Matsunaga A, Oshima M, Sasaki N, Taketo MM. Gastric and duodenal polyps in Smad4 (Dpc4) knockout mice.Cancer Res. 1999;59:6113-6117.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Park WS, Lee JH, Shin MS, Park JY, Kim HS, Lee JH, Kim YS, Lee SN, Xiao W, Park CH. Inactivating mutations of the caspase-10 gene in gastric cancer.Oncogene. 2002;21:2919-2925.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Taeb J, Asgari M, Abolhasani M, Farajollahi MM, Madjd Z. Expression of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) in prostate cancer: a tissue microarray study of Iranian patients.Pathol Res Pract. 2014;210:18-23.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Tarleton HP, Chang SC, Park SL, Cai L, Ding B, He N, Hussain SK, Jiang Q, Mu LN, Rao J. Genetic variation at 8q24, family history of cancer, and upper gastrointestinal cancers in a Chinese population.Fam Cancer. 2014;13:45-56.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Pomerantz MM, Ahmadiyeh N, Jia L, Herman P, Verzi MP, Doddapaneni H, Beckwith CA, Chan JA, Hills A, Davis M. The 8q24 cancer risk variant rs6983267 shows long-range interaction with MYC in colorectal cancer.Nat Genet. 2009;41:882-884.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kim T, Cui R, Jeon YJ, Lee JH, Lee JH, Sim H, Park JK, Fadda P, Tili E, Nakanishi H. Long-range interaction and correlation between MYC enhancer and oncogenic long noncoding RNA CARLo-5.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:4173-4178.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Saeki N, Ono H, Sakamoto H, Yoshida T. Genetic factors related to gastric cancer susceptibility identified using a genome-wide association study.Cancer Sci. 2013;104:1-8.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Cho SJ, Choi IJ, Kim CG, Kook MC, Lee JY, Kim BC, Ryu KH, Nam SY, Kim YW. Risk factors associated with gastric cancer in patients with a duodenal ulcer.Helicobacter. 2010;15:516-523.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Gu X, Zhang W, Xu L, Cai D. Quantitative assessment of the influence of prostate stem cell antigen polymorphisms on gastric cancer risk.Tumour Biol. 2014;35:2167-2174.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Li Y, Nie Y, Cao J, Tu S, Lin Y, Du Y, Li Y. G-A variant in miR-200c binding site of EFNA1 alters susceptibility to gastric cancer.Mol Carcinog. 2014;53:219-229.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Lee JH, Kim Y, Choi JW, Kim YS. Genetic variants and risk of gastric cancer: a pathway analysis of a genome-wide association study.Springerplus. 2015;4:215.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Zheng L, Zhu C, Gu J, Xi P, Du J, Jin G. Functional polymorphism rs4072037 in MUC1 gene contributes to the susceptibility to gastric cancer: evidence from pooled 6,580 cases and 10,324 controls.Mol Biol Rep. 2013;40:5791-5796.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kupcinskas J, Wex T, Link A, Bartuseviciute R, Dedelaite M, Kevalaite G, Leja M, Skieceviciene J, Kiudelis G, Jonaitis L. PSCA and MUC1 gene polymorphisms are associated with gastric cancer and pre-malignant gastric conditions [corrected].Anticancer Res. 2014;34:7167-7175.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Wang X, Liu Y, Shao D, Qian Z, Dong Z, Sun Y, Xing X, Cheng X, Du H, Hu Y. Recurrent amplification of MYC and TNFRSF11B in 8q24 is associated with poor survival in patients with gastric cancer.Gastric Cancer. 2016;19:116-127.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Calcagno DQ, Freitas VM, Leal MF, de Souza CR, Demachki S, Montenegro R, Assumpção PP, Khayat AS, Smith Mde A, dos Santos AK. MYC, FBXW7 and TP53 copy number variation and expression in gastric cancer.BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:141.
[PubMed] [DOI]
de Souza CR, Leal MF, Calcagno DQ, Costa Sozinho EK, Borges Bdo N, Montenegro RC, Dos Santos AK, Dos Santos SE, Ribeiro HF, Assumpção PP. MYC deregulation in gastric cancer and its clinicopathological implications.PLoS One. 2013;8:e64420.
[PubMed] [DOI]
De Toni EN, Thieme SE, Herbst A, Behrens A, Stieber P, Jung A, Blum H, Göke B, Kolligs FT. OPG is regulated by beta-catenin and mediates resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in colon cancer.Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:4713-4718.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Liang L, Fang JY, Xu J. Gastric cancer and gene copy number variation: emerging cancer drivers for targeted therapy.Oncogene. 2016;35:1475-1482.
[PubMed] [DOI]
An X, Wang F, Shao Q, Wang FH, Wang ZQ, Wang ZQ, Chen C, Li C, Luo HY, Zhang DS. MET amplification is not rare and predicts unfavorable clinical outcomes in patients with recurrent/metastatic gastric cancer after chemotherapy.Cancer. 2014;120:675-682.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Ha SY, Lee J, Kang SY, Do IG, Ahn S, Park JO, Kang WK, Choi MG, Sohn TS, Bae JM. MET overexpression assessed by new interpretation method predicts gene amplification and poor survival in advanced gastric carcinomas.Mod Pathol. 2013;26:1632-1641.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Wang J, Qian J, Hu Y, Kong X, Chen H, Shi Q, Jiang L, Wu C, Zou W, Chen Y. ArhGAP30 promotes p53 acetylation and function in colorectal cancer.Nat Commun. 2014;5:4735.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Sonoda A, Mukaisho K, Nakayama T, Diem VT, Hattori T, Andoh A, Fujiyama Y, Sugihara H. Genetic lineages of undifferentiated-type gastric carcinomas analysed by unsupervised clustering of genomic DNA microarray data.BMC Med Genomics. 2013;6:25.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Fassan M, Simbolo M, Bria E, Mafficini A, Pilotto S, Capelli P, Bencivenga M, Pecori S, Luchini C, Neves D. High-throughput mutation profiling identifies novel molecular dysregulation in high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and early gastric cancers.Gastric Cancer. 2014;17:442-449.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Dar AA, Goff LW, Majid S, Berlin J, El-Rifai W. Aurora kinase inhibitors--rising stars in cancer therapeutics?Mol Cancer Ther. 2010;9:268-278.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Katsha A, Arras J, Soutto M, Belkhiri A, El-Rifai W. AURKA regulates JAK2-STAT3 activity in human gastric and esophageal cancers.Mol Oncol. 2014;8:1419-1428.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Katsha A, Soutto M, Sehdev V, Peng D, Washington MK, Piazuelo MB, Tantawy MN, Manning HC, Lu P, Shyr Y. Aurora kinase A promotes inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice and human gastric neoplasia.Gastroenterology. 2013;145:1312-1322.e1-e8.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Özdemiri M, Öznur M, Çiftçi E, Durak Aras B, Aslan H, Saygili H, Öner KS, Erkasap SM, Özakyol A, Paşaoğlu Ö. Detection of kinase amplifications in gastric adenocarcinomas.Turk J Med Sci. 2014;44:461-470.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Cheng L, Wang P, Yang S, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Xiao H, Gao H, Zhang Q. Identification of genes with a correlation between copy number and expression in gastric cancer.BMC Med Genomics. 2012;5:14.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Wang K, Yuen ST, Xu J, Lee SP, Yan HH, Shi ST, Siu HC, Deng S, Chu KM, Law S. Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive molecular profiling identify new driver mutations in gastric cancer.Nat Genet. 2014;46:573-582.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Tsai PC, Huang SW, Tsai HL, Ma CJ, Hou MF, Yang IP, Wang YS, Juo SH, Wang JY. The association between DNA copy number aberrations at chromosome 5q22 and gastric cancer.PLoS One. 2014;9:e106624.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Takahashi N, Yamada Y, Taniguchi H, Fukahori M, Sasaki Y, Shoji H, Honma Y, Iwasa S, Takashima A, Kato K. Clinicopathological features and prognostic roles of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA and NRAS mutations in advanced gastric cancer.BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:271.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Das K, Gunasegaran B, Tan IB, Deng N, Lim KH, Tan P. Mutually exclusive FGFR2, HER2, and KRAS gene amplifications in gastric cancer revealed by multicolour FISH.Cancer Lett. 2014;353:167-175.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Shinmura K, Kiyose S, Nagura K, Igarashi H, Inoue Y, Nakamura S, Maeda M, Baba M, Konno H, Sugimura H. TNK2 gene amplification is a novel predictor of a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.J Surg Oncol. 2014;109:189-197.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Yang Q, Shao Y, Shi J, Qu Y, Wu K, Dang S, Shi B, Hou P. Concomitant PIK3CA amplification and RASSF1A or PAX6 hypermethylation predict worse survival in gastric cancer.Clin Biochem. 2014;47:111-116.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Sheng WQ, Huang D, Ying JM, Lu N, Wu HM, Liu YH, Liu JP, Bu H, Zhou XY, Du X. HER2 status in gastric cancers: a retrospective analysis from four Chinese representative clinical centers and assessment of its prognostic significance.Ann Oncol. 2013;24:2360-2364.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Samuels Y, Wang Z, Bardelli A, Silliman N, Ptak J, Szabo S, Yan H, Gazdar A, Powell SM, Riggins GJ. High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers.Science. 2004;304:554.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Gao J, Aksoy BA, Dogrusoz U, Dresdner G, Gross B, Sumer SO, Sun Y, Jacobsen A, Sinha R, Larsson E. Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal.Sci Signal. 2013;6:pl1.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, Gross BE, Sumer SO, Aksoy BA, Jacobsen A, Byrne CJ, Heuer ML, Larsson E. The cBio cancer genomics portal: an open platform for exploring multidimensional cancer genomics data.Cancer Discov. 2012;2:401-404.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Janku F, Hong DS, Fu S, Piha-Paul SA, Naing A, Falchook GS, Tsimberidou AM, Stepanek VM, Moulder SL, Lee JJ. Assessing PIK3CA and PTEN in early-phase trials with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors.Cell Rep. 2014;6:377-387.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Wong SS, Kim KM, Ting JC, Yu K, Fu J, Liu S, Cristescu R, Nebozhyn M, Gong L, Yue YG. Genomic landscape and genetic heterogeneity in gastric adenocarcinoma revealed by whole-genome sequencing.Nat Commun. 2014;5:5477.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Yoo HY, Sung MK, Lee SH, Kim S, Lee H, Park S, Kim SC, Lee B, Rho K, Lee JE. A recurrent inactivating mutation in RHOA GTPase in angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma.Nat Genet. 2014;46:371-375.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Sakata-Yanagimoto M, Enami T, Yoshida K, Shiraishi Y, Ishii R, Miyake Y, Muto H, Tsuyama N, Sato-Otsubo A, Okuno Y. Somatic RHOA mutation in angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma.Nat Genet. 2014;46:171-175.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Palomero T, Couronné L, Khiabanian H, Kim MY, Ambesi-Impiombato A, Perez-Garcia A, Carpenter Z, Abate F, Allegretta M, Haydu JE. Recurrent mutations in epigenetic regulators, RHOA and FYN kinase in peripheral T cell lymphomas.Nat Genet. 2014;46:166-170.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Lin Y, Wu Z, Guo W, Li J. Gene mutations in gastric cancer: a review of recent next-generation sequencing studies.Tumour Biol. 2015;36:7385-7394.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Chen K, Yang D, Li X, Sun B, Song F, Cao W, Brat DJ, Gao Z, Li H, Liang H. Mutational landscape of gastric adenocarcinoma in Chinese: implications for prognosis and therapy.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:1107-1112.
[PubMed] [DOI]