修回日期: 2016-05-10
接受日期: 2016-05-16
在线出版日期: 2016-06-18
食管颗粒细胞瘤是一种罕见的具有恶性潜能的良性软组织肿瘤, 其组织起源尚不清楚, 临床表现缺乏特异性, 诊断主要依赖于内镜、超声内镜、病理及免疫组织化学. 食管颗粒细胞瘤具有恶变潜能, 且易与平滑肌瘤、间质瘤相混淆, 目前针对该病的治疗方案尚未达成共识, 现对食管颗粒细胞瘤的组织起源、临床表现、诊断、治疗、预后等作一综述.
核心提示: 食管颗粒细胞瘤是一种罕见的具有恶性潜能的良性软组织肿瘤, 其发病机制尚不清楚, 临床表现缺乏特异性, 诊断主要依靠病理, 易与平滑肌瘤、间质瘤相混淆, 目前治疗方案尚未达成共识.
引文著录: 张芳, 徐永红, 闫领, 张子璐. 食管颗粒细胞瘤的研究进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2016; 24(17): 2647-2653
Revised: May 10, 2016
Accepted: May 16, 2016
Published online: June 18, 2016
Esophageal granular cell tumor is a rare benign soft tissue tumor with malignant potential, and its histogenesis remains unclear. Since clinical manifestations lack specificity, the diagnosis depends on endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography, pathology and immunohistochemistry. Esophageal granular cell tumors have the potential of malignant transformation and are easily confused with leiomyoma and interstitialoma. At present, the treatment of this disease has not yet reached a consensus. This review aims to elucidate the histogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of esophageal granular cell tumors.
- Citation: Zhang F, Xu YH, Yan L, Zhang ZL. Progress in research of esophageal granular cell tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24(17): 2647-2653
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v24/i17/2647.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v24.i17.2647
消化道颗粒细胞瘤(granular cell tumor, GCT)十分罕见, 而国内外对于食管GCT的报道更是少之又少. 近年来由于消化内镜检查和治疗技术的进步, 有关食管GCT的内镜诊断及治疗的报道日益增多[1]. GCT是一种罕见的具有恶性潜能的良性软组织肿瘤[2,3], 因其细胞质充满分布均匀的嗜酸性颗粒而命名[4]. 1926年Abrikossof首次描述报道, 1931年首次报道了食管GCT[5]. GCT好发于40-60岁, 国内有文献报道3/4为女性[6], 国外有学者报道男女发病无差异[7], 也有报道女性发病率多于男性[8-11], GCT可见于全身各部位, 最好发于舌, 其次皮肤和皮下组织[12], 消化道占8%-10%[3], 约1/3位于食管[6,13,14]. Orlowaka等[15]报道食管GCT多为单发, 约2/3发生于食管下段, 15%食管上段, 20%食管中段. 现就食管GCT的组织起源、临床表现、诊断、治疗、预后等作一综述.
目前组织起源尚不十分清楚. GCT曾被认为起源于肌母细胞、纤维母细胞、组织细胞或未分化间叶细胞, 曾又被称为颗粒细胞肌母细胞瘤[16]. 随着组织化学及免疫组织化学的发展, 现多认为其来源于施万细胞(Schwann cell)分化的神经鞘膜细胞或外周神经[1,3], 其在解剖上与神经关系密切. 自2006年有学者报道GCT表达nestin以来, 后来的研究均发现其高表达nestin, 因而又有学者认为消化道GCT起源于胃肠道的多能干细胞[17]. 国内文献报道, 食管GCT可起源于黏膜下层、黏膜肌层、甚至固有肌层, 其生长方式多样, 可向腔内或腔内外生长, 肿瘤边界可清楚也可不清楚, 边界是否清楚与肿瘤大小无关而与肿瘤的生长方式及起源有关[18].
食管GCT生长缓慢, 大多数食管GCT的患者并无与肿瘤有关的临床症状, 亦无特异性症状, 往往在内镜检查时偶然发现[19]. 一部分患者因反流性食管炎、缺铁性贫血、腹部不适、消化道出血等其他胃肠道症状就诊[20], 也有部分患者因肿瘤较大出现临床症状而被发现. 少数患者有吞咽不畅、进食哽噎感、胸骨后不适、餐后上腹部不适、反酸、嗳气、恶心、呕吐等不典型症状, 与多数报道是一致的. 郭志等[21]认为位于颈段的食管GCT易与甲状腺肿块相混淆. 约11%的患者可同时并发消化道或其他部位的肿瘤[22]. John等[23]发现食管GCT可多发, 也可合并其他器官的GCT. Canbay等[24]观察到即使内镜下将食管GCT完整的摘除, 症状仍将继续存在, 但测试各项运动功能指标均正常, 推测可能是因为GCT源自于神经外胚层, 永久性地干扰了内脏的感觉系统.
食管GCT的内镜、超声内镜表现具有一定的特征性, 但临床确诊主要依靠病理和免疫组织化学检查.
食管GCT多为黄白色或灰白色隆起[25,26], 呈半球形、球形或乳头状, 无分叶, 表面黏膜完整、光滑, 无糜烂、溃疡, 无蒂, 触之较息肉、乳头状瘤质韧或硬, 钳之易滑脱, 与周围组织界限清楚, 直径多数在0.5-2.0 cm, 多为单发, 偶有多发[27]. 内镜下很难与平滑肌瘤或息肉相鉴别. 少数食管GCT局部呈环形狭窄, 容易与浸润型食管癌相混淆[28], 但食管GCT黏膜表面很少有浅溃疡或凹陷[25,26]. 王志强等[1]认为几乎所有关于GCT内镜下的表现均提到该肿物表面呈淡黄色, 被认为是此瘤的一种特征性内镜表现. 食管GCT位于黏膜下, 可能会发生假上皮瘤样增生, 易与鳞状细胞癌相混淆[7,19]. 徐显林等[29]认为内镜窄带成像术(narrow band imaging, NBI)结合放大技术能提高该病变的检出率, 但确诊仍需活组织病理检查.
超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS)不仅可提供病灶大小、范围、来源层面等重要信息, 还可帮助判断是否适合内镜切除[21]. 食管GCT超声内镜下多表现为低回声实性肿块, 病变边界清晰, 内部回声均匀, 病灶主体位于黏膜下层, 但与黏膜层分解不清, 与固有肌层分界一般较好. 偶有报道为高回声病变[30]. 超声内镜可通过观察肿瘤回声、起源层次、边界等将颗粒细胞与大多数黏膜下肿瘤相鉴别[31], 但与起源于黏膜肌层的间质细胞瘤则难以鉴别.
食管GCT位于黏膜下, 无包膜, 与周围组织界限清楚, 瘤细胞排列成条索状或巢状[32], 可见鳞状上皮增生. 肿瘤细胞体积大, 呈圆形或多角形, 胞质丰富, 内含大量大小相似、分布均匀的嗜酸性颗粒, 呈红色, 细胞与细胞之间边界不清, 核小、深染, 多位于中央, 未见明显核分裂象[33]. 免疫组织化学显示食管GCT细胞表达一些神经特异性标记[34-37]: S-100蛋白、神经特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase, NSE)、髓磷脂蛋白(myelic basic protein, MBP)、CD68(KP-1)、CD57(Leu-7)、vimentin等; PAS染色(+), 可见颗粒状红染, 并抗淀粉酶消化. 而肌源性、组织细胞源性及上皮源性等(CD34、CD117、actin、desmin、SMA、CK)标记阴性[38]. 其中, Ki-67阳性细胞数的多少与肿瘤的恶性潜能相关, 多数研究显示GCTs低表达Ki-67[16,33]. 几乎所有的研究均显示GCTs S-100蛋白和PAS染色阳性[16].
总之, 食管GCT的诊断要点有以下几点: (1)食管GCT在内镜下边界清楚的淡黄色黏膜隆起, 质硬, 可随黏膜同步滑动; (2)超声内镜下GCT的回声主要以低回声为主, 病变边界清晰, 内部回声均匀, 病变的主体位于黏膜下层, 但与黏膜层分界不清, 与固有肌层分界一般较好; (3)主要由体积较大和胞质内有嗜酸性颗粒的瘤细胞组成, 瘤细胞有密集成巢或条索状结构; (4)瘤细胞质内颗粒PAS(+); (5)细胞阳性表达S-100.
4.1.1 上皮样平滑肌瘤: EUS下回声较GCT低, 内部回声粗糙, 边界回声高[39,40]. 病理表现为细胞界限清楚, 胞质嗜酸性颗粒不如GCT突出. 常见核周透明晕、梭形、核两端钝圆的典型平滑肌细胞. 免疫组织化学提示肌动蛋白阳性、S-100阴性, 而GCT与之相反[34,35].
4.1.2 上皮样间质瘤: 鉴别主要依靠病理表现, 其细胞境界清楚, 胞质淡染、透明或嗜伊红色, 但较GCT淡, CD117、CD34、nestin阳性, S-100可局灶阳性[34,35].
良恶性GCT在临床病理学上高度相似, Rickert等[41]、Nasser等[42]认为目前恶性颗粒细胞瘤(malignant granulosa cell tumor, MGCT)没有特征性核型, 但Chatelain等[43]认为在免疫组织化学上, MGCT对P53和Ki67蛋白很敏感, 特别是P53. 然而, 有时候仅仅依靠病理和免疫组织化学就诊断为MGCT往往显得证据不足. 目前认为转移是MGCT唯一证据. 通常认为有无转移、手术完整切除后能否复发是鉴别良、恶性GCT的临床标准. 近来, 有学者根据肿瘤有无浸润消化道管壁肌层及其以外的各层来鉴别良恶性GCT, 但也有学者指出早期无浸润表现的MGCT不能识别[43]. 1998年Fanburg-Smith等[44]在回顾73例GCT后提出诊断MGCT新的标准: (1)出现凝固性坏死; (2)瘤细胞梭形变; (3)空泡状核及大核仁; (4)核分裂象>2个/10 HPF; (5)高核质比(>2:1); (6)细胞具有多形性. 符合1-2条标准为不典型GCT; 符合3条及以上标准可诊断为MGCT. 但关于核分裂象争议较大, 王坚等[45]建议将GCT的核分裂象标准修订为>5个/50 HPF. 虽然Fanburg-Smith标准至今仍广泛应用, 但仍有个别报道与该标准不完全相符, 如部分肿瘤临床上虽有浸润或转移等恶性行为, 但组织病理学上却呈良性表现[45-47], 因此应进行计算机断层扫描(computed tomography, CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)等影像学检查以明确有无区域淋巴结或远处转移等恶性临床生物学行为, 进行综合评估, 为下一步治疗方案提供更多依据. 此外, Nasser等[48]提出一个更简单、更实用、更清晰的诊断标准. 该标准根据细胞坏死情况(单个坏死或者条状坏死)和/或有丝分裂情况(核分裂象>2个/10 HPF), 若肿瘤不符合两者中的任何一项特征, 可认为是良性GCT, 若肿瘤有至少一项特征, 则认为其具有恶性倾向.
由于食管GCT在临床中比较少见, 其病因及发病机制尚不清楚, 故针对该病的治疗尚未达成共识, 目前主要有随诊观察、内镜切除、外科切除.
食管GCT多数具有良性生物学行为, 且生长相对缓慢, 可不予特殊处理, 定期随访观察即可. 一些学者[49-51]提出缺乏临床症状, 肿瘤<1 cm, 没有恶变倾向或不符合外科适应症的患者可以采取保守治疗, 每1-2年进行一次内镜和病理检查[52].
食管GCT有恶变的可能, 且可能并存其他类型的恶性肿瘤, 多数学者主张进行积极的治疗. 因GCT多位于黏膜下层, 且与肌层彻底分离, Yasuda等[53]提出对直径<2 cm, 无肌层浸润的GCT可首选内镜治疗, 包括内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)、EMR等. Kahng等[38]报道了ESD成功整块切除了直径2.8 cm的病例, 并且认为对于直径>2 cm的病变应用ESD治疗是一种安全、可行的方法. 有学者提出对于2 cm<直径<3 cm、位于黏膜下层的病变可采用一种新型的内镜治疗技术-黏膜下隧道内镜切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, STER)[54]. 在内镜治疗中为确保安全及防止并发症, 可采用黏膜下注射、负压吸引、套扎[55]、EUS引导下进行黏膜切除[56]等方法. 大量文献报道, 内镜治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗措施[57-61].
外科治疗的手术方法有胸腔镜、传统开放手术. 其适应症有怀疑恶变、深层浸润、有内镜切除禁忌、有多种临床症状[62-64]. 郭志等[21]认为当病灶增长迅速或出现吞咽困难等症状时应予以外科切除, 直径>2 cm或大量出血、穿孔等并发症可能性大时应选择颈部或胸部入路手术. 对于恶性GCT或EUS提示肿瘤已侵及肌层手术治疗者除局部广泛切除外还应行区域淋巴结清扫. Buratti等[65]认为当肿瘤直径≥1 cm, 近期快速生长, 怀疑恶变或透壁浸润, 或出现吞咽困难等症状时, 才行内镜或外科手术. Goldblum等[66]认为切除的病灶如果没有恶变, 额外的治疗或者随访都是没有必要的.
虽然良性GCT生物学行为良好, 治愈率高, 预后好[68], 有学者认为对于生长缓慢的食管GCT可不予处理而定期随访, 有报道显示随访11年肿瘤无增大, 也有报道显示肿瘤可自行消退[3,50]. 但也有文献报道5%-10%消化道GCT治疗后复发, 术后应密切随访; 切缘阳性的良性GCT局部复发率15%-20%, 但没有转移、浸润性生长等恶性表现[20]. MGCT预后差, 术后局部复发率32%-59%[45], 局部复发后发生淋巴和血道转移, 肝、肺、骨是最常见的转移部位, 亦常累及淋巴结, 广泛转移是致死的主要原因[20], 平均生存期为2年[44,45,69].
食管GCT的发病率低, 多数具有良性生物学行为, 但具有恶变潜能[70]. 随着内镜技术的发展其检出率逐年增高, 但因其易与平滑肌瘤、间质瘤相混淆, 目前仍有一定的漏诊、误诊率, 然而结合超声内镜、病理、免疫组织化学等技术, 可大大提高对该病的诊断. 虽然对食管GCT的治疗尚未达成共识, 但因其具有恶变潜能, 建议积极治疗、定期随访.
消化道颗粒细胞瘤十分罕见,而国内外对于食管颗粒细胞瘤(granular cell tumor, GCT)的报道更是少之又少. 近年来由于消化内镜检查和治疗技术的进步, 有关食管GCT的报道日益增多.
姜春萌, 教授, 主任, 大连医科大学附属第二医院消化科; 沈卫东, 副主任医师, 东南大学医学院附属江阴医院消化内科
由于食管GCT在临床中比较少见,其病因及发病机制目前尚不清楚,且针对该病的治疗尚未达成共识, 本文总结了目前的主要治疗方案: 随诊观察、内镜切除、外科切除.
Kahng等通过对内镜治疗后出血、穿孔、术后狭窄等并发症的统计, 阐明了内镜治疗是一种安全有效的方法.
本文描述了其内镜、超声内镜及病理表现, 并与平滑肌瘤、间质瘤、恶性GCT相鉴别, 同时详细阐述了不同情况下的治疗方案.
随着内镜技术的不断发展, 食管GCT的报道逐年增多, 本文将国内外GCT个案报道进行总结归纳, 对其组织起源、诊断、治疗及预后进行详尽阐述, 对临床工作具有一定指导意义.
S-100蛋白: 是一种酸性钙结合蛋白, 主要存在于中枢神经系统各部的星状神经胶质细胞的胞液中, 因其在饱和硫酸铵中能够100%溶解而得名. CSF和血液中S-100蛋白增高是中枢神经系统损伤特异和灵敏的生化标志.
近年来, 有关食管GCT报道日益增多, 并逐渐引起重视, 本文就食管GCT的组织起源、临床表现以及诊断治疗等进行了综述, 对于全面认识并了解GCT具有一定的临床价值.
编辑:郭鹏 电编:都珍珍
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