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Influence of Helicobacter pylori infection on extra-gastric diseases
Can Cheng, Chang-Ping Li
Can Cheng, Chang-Ping Li, Department of Gastroenterology, the Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China
Correspondence to: Chang-Ping Li, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, the Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province, China. 506854209@qq.com
Received: February 23, 2016 Revised: March 25, 2016 Accepted: April 5, 2016 Published online: May 8, 2016
The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization of the stomach and its pathogenic effects is a crucial landmark in modern gastroenterology. There have been many studies reporting that the natural history of many disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma are linked with the presence of this bacterium. Moreover, H. pylori is often involved in the pathogenic processes of a variety of extra-gastric diseases, especially those characterized by persistent and low grade systemic inflammation. The proposed mechanisms ranging from the induction of a low grade inflammatory state to the occurrence of molecular mimicry mechanisms. This paper will review the results of the most important studies on the association of H. pylori infection with extra-gastric diseases, such as autoimmune, neoplastic, cardiovascular and other related disorders, as well as possible mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of these extra-gastric diseases.
Behroozian等[50]在66例原发性肺癌患者和66例健康对照者的研究中发现, H. pylori血清学阳性率在肺癌患者中为71%, 而在对照组中为51%, 提出H. pylori感染可能与肺癌风险增加相关(OR = 2.51, 95%CI: 1.14-5.54, P<0.05). 之后在一个容纳了16244例肺癌患者和1707例H. pylori感染患者, 共7篇关于H. pylori感染与肺癌关系的Meta分析中, Mounika等[51]发现, H. pylori感染显著增加肺癌风险(合并OR = 2.29, 95%CI: 1.34-3.91, P = 0.01). 然而, Koshiol等[52]在芬兰男性吸烟者中按标准筛选出350例肺腺癌、350肺鳞癌及700例对照者进行嵌套病例对照研究未发现H. pylori血清学阳性与肺癌之间的关联. 故H. pylori感染与肺癌之间的关系具有争议性, 关于H. pylori根除治疗能否给H. pylori肺癌患者带来有益的结果, 目前尚无有力证据. 关于其可能的机制有: H. pylori尿素酶蛋白进入肺部, 为肺肉芽肿的形成提供抗原刺激, 可能在肺黏膜的增生癌变中发挥重要作用[53]; 通过上调刺激肿瘤生长和血管生成的胃泌素和Cox-2的表达导致肺癌[54].
3 心血管疾病
3.1 缺血性心脏病
缺血性心脏病(ischaemic heart disease, IHD)即冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病. Huang等[55]在对159例冠状动脉疾病(coronary artery disease, CAD)患者的横断面研究中发现, 在CagA(+)感染人群中冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度明显增加. 之后Longo-Mbenza等[56]在为期10年的前瞻性研究中发现H. pylori IgG(+)患者可能发展成急性冠脉综合征. Karbasi-Afshar等[57]在行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者中通过PCR测试发现29.5%的冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块有H. pylori感染定植. 最近一个包括17075例H. pylori感染患者和68300例对照者的全国性回顾性队列研究中明确地提出, H. pylori感染可以显著增加急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)风险. Nam等[58]研究表明H. pylori的当前感染与高低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein, LDL)、低高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein, HDL)及心血管疾病之间呈正相关, H. pylori成功根除降低高LDL、低HDL风险. 因此, H. pylori感染与IHD风险之间存在联系, 可能呈正相关. 关于其机制, 至今仍无统一意见, 可能是: H. pylori可能与血管性血友病因子结合之后与血小板糖蛋白Ib、L选择素、P选择素相互作用, 进而在人体中诱导血小板聚集和增加血浆甘油三酯水平, 诱发急性冠脉综合征[59]. 但是, 最近Lin等[60]在其大型前瞻性、巢式病例对照研究中发现, 在老年日本人中, H. pylori感染与冠心病(coronary heart disease, CHD)死亡风险之间不存在联系. 故H. pylori与IHD之间的关系亟待进一步研究.
3.2 缺血性中风
H. pylori感染与缺血性中风之间关系具有争议性. Vahdat等[61]提出衣原体肺炎与H. pylori的混合感染与原发性高血压的发生呈正相关. 之后Huang等[55]在其研究中发现慢性H. pylori感染可以显著增加缺血性中风风险. 然而, Ikeda等[62]研究提出CagA(+) H. pylori感染与心肌梗死或缺血性中风的发生不存在联系, 最近Lin等[60]在对627例缺血性中风患者和627例健康对照者的巢式病例对照研究中未发现慢性H. pylori感染与缺血性中风之间的联系(OR = 1.03, 95%CI: 0.78-1.33). 值得注意的是, Chen等[63]在其共包含9895例受试者的前瞻性群组分析中发现, H. pylori感染似乎起着保护个体免受缺血性中风危害的作用. 总之, H. pylori感染与缺血性中风之间关系具有矛盾性, 保护还是伤害亟待进一步研究.
4 其他
4.1 过敏性哮喘
有研究者已经提出, H. pylori感染与过敏性哮喘之间存在逆反的关系. Reibman等[64]在包含318例成人哮喘患者和208例健康对照者的病例对照研究中发现, CagA(+) H. pylori菌株的定植可能对哮喘发展具有利作用. 之后Arnold等[65]利用由卵白蛋白或屋尘螨过敏原诱导的过敏性呼吸道疾病的老鼠模型对H. pylori感染与过敏性哮喘之间关系进行研究发现, H. pylori感染能有效保护老鼠免受气道高反应性、组织炎症、杯状细胞化生等影响, 而这些恰恰是哮喘发生的标志, 为H. pylori感染在过敏性哮喘发展中发挥有利作用提供了实验数据. 其可能的机制是: 细菌刺激Th1细胞免疫应答增加和Th2细胞免疫应答的抑制, 促进持续性感染和保护机体免受过敏损害[65].
4.2 慢性荨麻疹
Zhou等[66]在其Meta分析中发现, H. pylori感染患者率哮喘发生率显著的减少, 其可能的机制是: H. pylori感染刺激机体诱导Th1和Th2细胞免疫应答抑制, 促进持续性感染和保护机体免受过敏性损害, 同样的结果也来自Oertli等[67]的研究, 之后Magen等[4]研究提出, H. pylori根除可以诱发特发性慢性荨麻疹的发生, 预示了H. pylori感染可以保护机体免受慢性荨麻疹的侵袭. 然而Mogaddam等[68]在最近的一篇研究中提出, H. pylori感染与慢性荨麻疹风险增加呈正相关, 且在H. pylori根除后, 患者临床症状得到明显缓解, 同样的结果来自Yoshimasu等[69]的研究.
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