修回日期: 2015-06-11
接受日期: 2015-06-19
在线出版日期: 2015-07-18
饥饿素(Ghrelin)是一种生长激素促分泌物受体的内源性配体, 由28个氨基酸残基组成的. Ghrelin在胃、肠道、胰腺、肝脏等器官中都有表达, 近年来Ghrelin在消化系统疾病中的应用价值得到重视, 特别是在肝功能损害的保护、评估胰腺炎的严重程度、胃炎及消化性溃疡的预后评价、炎症性肠病的活动性评判、消化系肿瘤发生发展中的作用等方面. 本文通过归纳总结国内外相关文献, 就Ghrelin在消化系统疾病的诊断及治疗效果判断中的作用做一总结, 现综述如下.
核心提示: 饥饿素(Ghrelin)是一种生长激素促分泌物受体的内源性配体, 其在胃、肠道、胰腺、肝脏等器官中都有表达, 其在消化系统疾病中的应用价值得到重视, 特别是在肝功能损害的保护、评估胰腺炎的严重程度、胃炎及消化性溃疡的预后评价、炎症性肠病的活动性评判、消化系肿瘤发生发展中的作用等方面, 但是Ghrelin这些作用仍处在初步探讨阶段, 其应用前景有待于进一步观察.
引文著录: 陈鹏, 吕农华. 饥饿素对于消化系统疾病的诊断及治疗价值. 世界华人消化杂志 2015; 23(20): 3247-3253
Revised: June 11, 2015
Accepted: June 19, 2015
Published online: July 18, 2015
Ghrelin is a 28 amino-acid multi-functional peptide hormone, which was identified as a natural ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Ghrelin has been found in the stomach, intestine, pancreas and liver. In recent years, the application value of Ghrelin in digestive system diseases has attracted wide attention, especially in the protection of liver damage, assessment of the severity of pancreatitis, and evaluation of the activity and prognosis of peptic ulcer, gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and the occurrence and progression of gastrointestinal cancer. In this paper, we review the recent advance in understanding the role of Ghrelin in digestive diseases.
- Citation: Chen P, Lv NH. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of Ghrelin in digestive diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23(20): 3247-3253
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v23/i20/3247.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v23.i20.3247
饥饿素(Ghrelin)是1999年由日本科学家Kojima等[1]首次发现的一种生长激素促分泌受体(growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R)的内源性配体, 是一个由28个氨基酸残基组成的脑-肠肽, 主要是由胃底的X/A样内分泌细胞分泌, 也在肠道、胰腺、肾脏、性腺、胎盘、心脏、肺、乳腺、唾液腺、肾上腺等组织中表达. Ghrelin在与其受体结合后可产生广泛的生物学作用, 其对消化系统的功能[2]包括: (1)调节胃肠激素分泌及胃肠活动; (2)调节蛋白质及脂肪摄入; (3)调节能量代谢; (4)调节免疫应答及炎症反应等. 研究[3]发现Ghrelin作为一种新发现的促生长激素释放多肽, 以其独特的分子结构与生物学功能, 在机体重要的生理活动与代谢平衡中发挥着不可或缺的作用. Ghrelin的失衡可能与肝脏疾病、胰腺炎、胃肠道疾病及消化系肿瘤等密切相关, 有广阔的应用前景.
近年来非酒精性脂肪肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的发病率在全球范围内呈增多趋势, 其病因非常复杂, 已经成为威胁人类健康的第二大肝病, 可经历"二次打击"从单纯非酒精性脂肪肝到脂肪性肝炎、肝硬化甚至肝癌的演变[4,5]. Ghrelin作为一种新发现的内源性促生长激素释放肽, 不仅能促进生长激素释放、增加食欲, 对改善胰岛素抵抗, 抑制炎症反应、抗肝纤维化和肿瘤等可能有促进作用, 具有巨大的临床研究价值和应用前景. 有研究认为Ghrelin-Ghrelin酰基转移酶系统(Ghrelin-Ghrelin acyltransferase system, GOAT)在肝脏脂肪变性及非酒精性脂肪肝的进展中起到关键作用[6]. Estep等[7]的临床对照研究发现NAFLD组患者较非NAFLD患者去酰基化Ghrelin水平明显升高(2.58 pg/mL vs 1.24 pg/mL, P<0.02), NAFLD患者中纤维化分期≥2的患者血液Ghrelin水平近乎2倍于纤维化分期<2的患者(8.73 pg/mL vs 4.22 pg/mL, P<0.04)提示Ghrelin在NAFLD的发病机制中起到关键作用, 其与NAFLD及纤维化关系密切. Machado等[8]的一项临床对照研究发现非酒精性脂肪肝炎(nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NASH)组患者与非NASH组患者之间Ghrelin差异没有统计学意义. Ghrelin与体质量指数(r = -0.28, P = 0.012)及腰围(r = -0.24, P = 0.039)负相关, 没有性别及年龄差异, 血液Ghrelin水平与患者血脂水平及脂肪变性的严重程度无明显关系, 提示Ghrelin的失衡可能促进了非酒精性脂肪肝病的病情进展. Li等[9]的一项动物实验发现在给予Ghrelin治疗后NAFLD组的小鼠与非NAFLD组相比脂类代谢明显加强, Ghrelin治疗在不干扰PCR和ELISA基因的基础表达的情况下, 明显减少他们mRNA及蛋白水平(P<0.01), 提示Ghrelin可能成为NAFLD的潜在治疗方法. 然而Gutierrez-Grobe等[10]的一项横向临床研究发现血液Ghrelin水平的升高对于NAFLD患者的脂肪变性具有一定的抑制作用.
Ghrelin在慢性肝病(chronic liver disease, CLD)及肝损伤中的作用亦不能忽视, Elkabbany等[11]在儿童和青少年中开展的一项关于Ghrelin对慢性肝病患者营养情况评估的临床对照研究发现慢性肝病患者组血液Ghrelin水平高于对照组, 血液Ghrelin浓度与体质量指数标准差评分(body mass index standard deviation score, BMISDS)(r = -0.95, P<0.001)、肱三头肌皮褶厚度(triceps skinfold thickness, TSFT)(r = -0.88, P<0.001)及肩胛下皮褶厚度(subscapular skinfold thickness, SSFT)(r = 0.83, P<0.001)负相关[12]. 高血液Ghrelin浓度可能提示机体存在克服慢性肝病导致营养不良的代偿机制, 提示血液Ghrelin水平可以作为早期检测及评估儿童慢性肝病导致营养不良的严重程度的血液学参数. Tacke等[13]的一项临床对照研究发现与健康对照组[平均210 pmol/L(138-319 pmol/L)]相比慢性肝病组[平均230 pmol/L(94-719 pmol/L)]患者血液Ghrelin水平明显升高(P = 0.041), 血液甲胎蛋白(alphafetoprotein, AFP)水平与血液Ghrelin水平负相关. Kabil等[14]的动物实验发现长期服用Ghrelin可以对硫代乙酰胺诱导的肝损伤起到一定程度的保护作用, 为Ghrelin治疗慢性肝损伤及肝纤维化提供了新的思路. Golestan Jahromi等[15]的动物实验亦发现Ghrelin对乙酰氨基酚引起的肝损伤有保护作用.
病毒性肝炎是肝硬化及肝癌的主要病因之一, 而营养失衡导致的疾病恶化及预后不良又是肝硬化及肝癌患者面临的共同问题, Ghrelin可以刺激生长激素的分泌, 从而导致体质量增加, 食物摄入量增加, 减少脂肪的利用, Ataseven等[16]的临床对照研究发现血液Ghrelin水平在乙型肝炎和/或丁型肝炎引起的肝硬化及肝癌患者组较对照组明显升高(P<0.05), 结合Murata等[17]的研究提示Ghrelin可能在肝硬化及肝癌诊断及治疗上中具有一定的价值.
急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是临床上相对比较常见的急危重病之一, 具有起病急、发展快、预后不良且并发症多等特点, 其中重型者占20%左右, 可出现多器官功能衰竭等严重的全身并发症, 病死率高达15%-56%[18]. Ghrelin除了具有强大的刺激生长激素(growth hormone, GH)释放的作用外, 还能抑制炎症因子的产生和释放、抗氧化等作用, 并且在保护胰腺组织及评估胰腺炎的严重程度可能具有一定的价值[19,20]. Lee等[21]的临床对照研究发现入院时SAP高风险组的胰腺炎患者较低风险组患者血液Ghrelin浓度明显升高(286.39 pg/mL±272.19 pg/mL vs 175.96 pg/mL±138.87 pg/mL, P = 0.049), 但是两组患者血液Ghrelin水平在入院后48 h(P = 0.450)及出院时(P = 0.678)无明显差异, 还发现胰腺炎患者在出院时血液Ghrelin浓度较入院时明显升高(240.65 pg/mL±247.96 pg/mL vs 369.41 pg/mL±254.27 pg/mL, P = 0.001), 提示SAP高风险的患者具有高血液浓度的Ghrelin, 血液Ghrelin水平的增加与胰腺的愈合过程密切相关[22]. Panek等[23]的临床对照研究发现随着治疗的不断进展, 胆源性胰腺炎患者的血液Ghrelin浓度不断升高(P = 0.0133), 提示胆源性胰腺炎患者血液Ghrelin的不断升高可以作为治疗过程及病情恢复的一种参照物. Bukowczan等[24]的一项对于缺血-再灌注导致胰腺炎的动物实验中发现在经过Ghrelin治疗后的第5-14天, 老鼠组织血流明显恢复, 差异具有统计学意义, 提示Ghrelin对缺血-再灌注导致的胰腺炎具有保护作用, 其所涉及的机制可能是多因素介导的抗炎及抗氧化机制. Dembiński等[25,26]的动物研究亦发现经Ghrelin治疗后, 小鼠的胰腺炎可在一定程度上得到缓解.
然后Ülger等[27]的一项临床对照研究发现轻症胆源性胰腺炎患者血液Ghrelin的水平在入院时(2.37 ng/mL±0.63 ng/mL)较出院时(3.39 ng/mL±1.99 ng/mL)明显降低(P<0.05); 重症胆源性胰腺炎患者血液Ghrelin的水平在入院时(2.49 ng/mL±1.60 ng/mL)较出院时(2.60 ng/mL±2.11 ng/mL)明显降低, 但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), Ghrelin水平变化只在轻症胆源性胰腺炎具有一定的评估价值, 在重症胆源性胰腺炎没有明显差异. 对Ghrelin在胰腺炎病情严重程度评估中的价值提出质疑. Türkoğlu等[28]的一项前瞻性队列研究发现血液Ghrelin水平在轻症胰腺炎(6.97 ng/mL±0.84 ng/mL)及重症胰腺炎(6.74 ng/mL±0.65 ng/mL)之间没有明显区别, 差异无统计学意义(P = 0.1923). 提示Ghrelin对于胰腺炎严重程度没有预测作用.
胰腺癌是目前已知的恶性度最高的肿瘤之一, 预后极差[29], Ghrelin在胰腺癌中的作用已有一定研究, Duxbury等[30]的研究发现Ghrelin可以通过依赖Akt的机制增加胰腺癌细胞的能动性、扩散性及侵袭性, 提示胰腺癌可能是一种Ghrelin-应答的恶性肿瘤, 然而Karaca等[31]却发现血液Ghrelin高于基线水平的癌症患者比低于基线水平的患者存活时间更长(P = 0.001), 所以Ghrelin在胰腺癌中的价值还有待进一步展开大样本研究加以剖析.
幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori)感染可能会导致胃炎, 增加消化性溃疡及胃癌的风险[32], Ghrelin可由人体多种组织产生, 但胃是循环中Ghrelin的主要来源, 多项研究[33,34]发现H. pylori感染的患者较非H. pylori患者Ghrelin mRNA表达明显下降, 而Ghrelin mRNA表达的抑制可能会导致胃体的腺体萎缩及胃体慢性炎症. Isomoto等[35]的临床研究发现H. pylori阳性患者血液Ghrelin水平较H. pylori阴性患者明显降低(99 fmol/mL±44 fmol/mL vs 175 fmol/mL±119 fmol/mL, P<0.001). Jang等[36]的临床研究发现在H. pylori根除前后患者血液Ghrelin出现明显升高(30.12 pg/mL±10.23 pg/mL vs 40.75 pg/mL±41.93 pg/mL), 在溃疡合并H. pylori感染者血液Ghrelin的水平明显下降(P = 0.01), 而溃疡愈合及H. pylori根除后Ghrelin mRNA表达及血液Ghrelin的水平都出现升高(P = 0.000), 提示Ghrelin在溃疡合并H. pylori感染患者的治疗及预后起着重要的作用.
Rau等[37]的研究发现在正常胃黏膜约有20%的嗜铬粒蛋白阳性神经内分泌细胞表达Ghrelin, 而在自身免疫性胃炎患者中约有一半的神经内分泌细胞表达Ghrelin, 说明Ghrelin可能成为自身免疫性胃炎重要的血液学标志物. Campana等[38]的临床对照研究发现慢性萎缩性胃炎患者组血液Ghrelin较健康对照组明显升高(82.8 pmol/L±61.3 pmol/L vs 35.1 pmol/L±17.1 pmol/L), 提示Ghrelin在慢性萎缩性胃炎具有重要的评估价值. 然而Kawashima等[39]的研究发现重度慢性萎缩性胃炎患者的酰基化Ghrelin水平明显低于轻度及中度慢性萎缩性胃炎患者(7.6 fmol/mL±0.6 fmol/mL vs 16.4 fmol/mL±1.5 fmol/mL, P<0.01; 7.6 fmol/mL±0.6 fmol/mL vs 13.3 fmol/mL±1.2 fmol/mL, P<0.01).
Legakis等[40]的临床对照研究发现癌症患者较健康对照组相比Ghrelin明显降低, 差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001). Tian等[41]的研究发现血液Ghrelin浓度在1 nmol/L至10 nmol/L之间时可以促进胃癌的AGS细胞的增殖, 而在100 nmol/L的水平时没有增殖效应, 在Ghrelin位于10 nmol/L时可以通过ERK1/2和PI3K/Akt的磷酸化来刺激胃癌AGS细胞的增殖, 在表明Ghrelin可以通过激活ERK1/2和PI3K/Akt路径刺激胃癌细胞的增殖.
炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD)是一种病因尚不完全清楚的慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病, 包括溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)和克罗恩病(Crohn's disease, CD)[42]. Deboer等[43]的动物实验发现在IBD的动物模型中Ghrelin显著增高, 给予外源性Ghrelin后, 小鼠的IBD可以得到一定程度的缓解, 可能与增加肠道血流、减少炎症及增加食欲等机制相关. Karmiris等[44]的临床研究中CD患者组血液Ghrelin为48.2 pg/mL±4.2 pg/mL, UC组为49.4 pg/mL±4.6 pg/mL, 健康对照组为14.8 pg/mL±3.0 pg/mL, IBD组与健康对照组之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.0001). 表明血液Ghrelin可作为IBD的诊断的一项血液学指标. Alexandridis等[45]的一项临床研究发现IBD患者血液Ghrelin在急性期(402.4 pg/mL±462.6 pg/mL)明显高于缓解期(148.2 pg/mL±59.6 pg/mL)(P = 0.0290), 提示Ghrelin在IBD的病情进展中可能发挥着重要的作用. Hosomi等[46]的临床研究发现活动期CD组患者Ghrelin的mRNA表达水平较健康对照组明显升高(P = 0.0269), 缓解期CD组患者Ghrelin的mRNA表达水平较健康对照组亦明显升高(P = 0.0018); UC组Ghrelin水平与健康对照组相比也是明显升高(活动期 vs 对照组, P = 0.0011; 缓解期 vs 对照组, P = 0.030), 在健康对照组患者T细胞在Ghrelin影响下直接向Th-2细胞转化, 然而在CD患者失调的反应引起T细胞向Th-1细胞转化, 提示Ghrelin在CD的发病机制中起到一定作用. Koutroubakis等[47]的临床研究还发现Ghrelin还可能在IBD患者的骨代谢中起到一定作用, 血液Ghrelin与脊柱骨密度具有一定联系(P = 0.039).
Ghrelin可能在癌症中的起到抑制蛋白酶体及诱导自噬的作用, Bonfili等[48]的研究发现Ghrelin可以通过抑制泛素系统、激活自噬等诱导结直肠恶性肿瘤细胞的凋亡. Lawnicka等[49]的研究发现Ghrelin参与结肠癌细胞的生长调节, 提示Ghrelin可能成为治疗结肠肿瘤的新方法. He等[50]的研究发现Ghrelin可以阻遏经过5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil, 5-Fu)处理后的HT-29结肠癌细胞的凋亡, 其可能机制就是通过改变Bcl-2/Bax蛋白在癌细胞中的比例, 提示Ghrelin在结肠癌的预防及治疗中具有重要的意义. Wolf等[51]的临床对照研究发现在癌症患者中Ghrelin血液浓度与BMI下降负相关(r = 0.5, P = 0.001), 癌症引发恶病质患者组血液Ghrelin水平较非恶病质患者组明显升高(1969 pg/mL±673 pg/mL vs 1447 pg/mL±462 pg/mL, P = 0.01), 同样提示Ghrelin在结肠癌的病情评估中起着重要的作用.
Ghrelin作为一种有生物活性的物质, 其在肝功能损害的保护、评估胰腺炎的严重程度、胃炎及消化性溃疡的预后评价、IBD的活动性评判、消化系肿瘤发生发展中的作用日益得到重视. 但是Ghrelin在消化系统疾病的诊断、病情监测、指导治疗等方面的作用仍处在初步探讨阶段, 其应用前景有待于进一步观察, 尚需展开大样本的临床研究对Ghrelin是否可以作为消化系统疾病诊断及治疗效果判断的指标加以证实.
Ghrelin作为一种有生物活性的物质, 其在消化系统疾病的诊断、病情监测、指导治疗等方面可能具有重要的作用. 然而对于Ghrelin的作用机制研究还处于初步探索阶段, 很有必要将近年来Ghrelin在消化系统疾病的研究进展进行一定程度的归纳总结.
蓝宇, 教授, 北京积水潭医院消化科
本文归纳总结了近年来Ghrelin作为一种诊断指标及治疗效果判定其在肝脏疾病、胰腺疾病、胃肠道疾病及消化系肿瘤等消化系统疾病的研究进展.
既往文献多报道Ghrelin在单一消化系统疾病中的价值, 比如非酒精性脂肪肝、胰腺炎、胃肠疾病及消化系肿瘤等, 本文重点就是将上述研究成果加以总结归纳.
本文为一综述性报道, 重点介绍Ghrelin在肝功能损害的保护、评估胰腺炎的严重程度、胃炎及消化性溃疡的预后评价、IBD的活动性评判、消化系肿瘤发生发展中的作用. 暂未发现Ghrelin在消化系统疾病应用方面的综述性文章.
本文总结了Ghrelin在消化系统疾病的应用价值, 显示Ghrelin可以作为临床医生在实际工作中的一项参考指标.
文章综述了Ghrelin在消化系统疾病如慢性肝病、急性胰腺炎、胃炎及炎性肠病等中变化及机制的探讨, Ghrelin作为一种有生物活性的物质, 其在消化系统疾病发生发展中的作用仍处在初步探讨阶段. 综述给读者提供了解Ghrelin作用的载体, 具可读性.
编辑: 郭鹏 电编:闫晋利
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