修回日期: 2015-04-30
接受日期: 2015-05-08
在线出版日期: 2015-06-28
目的: 探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者一级亲属中糖耐量正常(normal glucose tolerance, NGT)和糖耐量减低(impaired glucose tolerance, IGT)人群的胰岛β细胞分泌功能与骨密度的关系.
方法: 选择已确诊的T2DM患者一级亲属中NGT者30例[NGT(+)组]、IGT者30例[IGT(+)组], 无糖尿病家族史的健康对照组30例[NGT(-)组]. 采用电化学发光免疫分析法测定3组空腹胰岛素含量和口服75 g无水葡萄糖粉后2 h胰岛素含量, 另采用双能X线骨密度仪测定3组人群的腰椎和左股骨颈、股骨粗隆的骨密度.
结果: (1)胰岛β细胞分泌指数HOMA-β: IGT(+)组(2.42±0.65)、NGT(+)组(2.54±0.59)、NGT(-)组(3.96±0.81), NGT(-)组分别与IGT(+)组和NGT(+)相比, 在胰岛β细胞分泌功能的测量上差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); (2)IGT(+)组和NGT(+)组在骨密度测量上分别与NGT(-)组, 差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); 其他各组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).
结论: T2DM患者的一级亲属不管处于NGT阶段还是IGT阶段均已出现胰岛功能的下降; 其一级亲属中IGT者, 在胰岛分泌功能下降的同时, 骨密度也随之下降.
核心提示: 2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者的一级亲属不管处于糖耐量正常(normal glucose tolerance)阶段还是糖耐量减低(impaired glucose tolerance, IGT)阶段均已出现胰岛功能的下降; 其一级亲属中IGT者, 在胰岛分泌功能下降的同时, 骨密度也随之下降.
引文著录: 谢勇丽, 肖冬梅, 张雅薇, 袁拓萍, 苏晓清. 2型糖尿病患者一级亲属胰岛功能与骨密度的关系. 世界华人消化杂志 2015; 23(18): 2996-3000
Revised: April 30, 2015
Accepted: May 8, 2015
Published online: June 28, 2015
AIM: To explore the relationship between islet function and bone mineral density in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
METHODS: In first-degree relatives of T2DM patients, 30 cases with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) [NGT (+) group] and 30 cases with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) [IGT (+) group] were included in the study. Thirty healthy controls without family history of T2DM [NGT (-) group] were also included. Electrochemical luminescence immunoassay was used to test fasting insulin level and insulin level at 2 h after oral administration of 75 g anhydrous glucose powder. Lumbar spine and left femur bone mineral density was determined by X-ray absorptiometry.
RESULTS: The homeostasis model assessment-pancreatic beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) was significantly lower in the NGT (-) group than in the NGT (+) group and IGT (+) group, but showed no statistical difference between the NGT (+) group and IGT (+) group. Compared with the IGT (+) group and NGT (+) group, bone density of L2 to L4 (L2-L4), the femoral neck and femoral trochanter was significantly different in the NGT (-) group, although there was no statistical difference between NGT (+) group and NGT (-) group.
CONCLUSION: All T2DM first-degree relatives, regardless of whether they have NGT or IGT, have decreased islet function, and T2DM first-degree relatives with IGT have decreased bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral both.
- Citation: Xie YL, Xiao DM, Zhang YW, Yuan TP, Su XQ. Relationship between islet function and bone mineral density in first-degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23(18): 2996-3000
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v23/i18/2996.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v23.i18.2996
2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者的一级亲属是高危糖尿病人群, 大部分糖耐量正常(normal glucose tolerance, NGT)时即已出现胰岛素分泌功能的受损[1-3], 主要与其基因易感性及其家庭生活方式相关[4-8]. 糖尿病患者胰岛功能减退者骨密度亦明显降低, 从而易患骨质疏松[9]. T2DM非糖尿病一级亲属胰岛功能出现受损, 若进一步发展为T2DM可导致骨密度下降[10-13]. 本研究旨在通过测定T2DM患者一级亲属的胰岛功能及其骨密度, 并评估两者之间的关系.
我们系统的收集了年龄15-60岁, 既往无糖尿病的受试者, 通过对其家族史的询问及行75 g无水葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT)后的结果分为: 无糖尿病家族史的正常对照组[NGT(-)组]30例, 其中男17例, 女13例; 已确诊的T2DM患者一级亲属糖耐量减低(impaired glucose tolerance, IGT)[IGT(+)组]30例, 其中男15例, 女15例, NGT(+)组30例(男16例, 女14例). 所有入选对象均排除肝、肾、心血管疾病、恶性肿瘤、甲状腺功能亢进症、甲状旁腺功能亢进症、肾小管酸中毒等其他影响骨代谢的疾病, 未使用过激素、维生素D、钙剂等影响骨密度的药物及任何影响胰岛素分泌的药物.
1.2.1 指标测量: 对所有入选对象均进行腰围、腹围、身高、体质量、体质量指数、血脂(甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白)进行测量.
1.2.2 OGTT试验及胰岛素水平测定: 用全自动生化仪氧化酶葡萄糖法测定血糖, 电化学发光免疫分析法测定空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin, FIns)和口服75 g无水葡萄糖后2 h的胰岛素(2 h fasting insulin, 2 h Ins)(试剂盒购自北京原子高科核技术应用公司). Ins批内变异系数<10%, 批间变异系数<15%.
1.2.3 胰岛功能评价: 胰岛β细胞功能指数(homeostasis model assessment-pancreatic beta-cell function, HOMA-beta) = FIns (Mu/L)×20/FPG(mmol/L)-3.5], 反映胰岛β细胞的分泌功能; 胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR)指数(HOMA-IR) = FIns(Mu/L)×FPG(mmol/L)/22.5[14].
1.2.4 骨密度测定: 采用美国Norland双能X线骨密度仪(dual energy X ray absorptiometry, DEXA)测量腰椎及左股骨骨密度. 进行L2-L4和近端股骨(包括Ward'S三角、股骨颈和股骨粗隆)骨密度的测定, 以测得部位骨密度低于骨峰值均值2.5个标准差(SD)诊断为骨质疏松; 介于骨峰值均值1.0-2.5个标准差(SD)诊断为骨量减少[15].
统计学处理 数据处理采用SPSS13.0软件. 所有统计推断均采用双侧检验, 具有统计意义的检验水准定位0.05. 当数据满足参数方法条件时, 采用参数方法; 当数据不满足参数方法条件时, 可采用数据转换使其满足条件, 若仍不满足, 可考虑采用基于秩次的非参数方法. P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.
(1)3组间年龄、性别、绝经后妇女比例、体质量指数、腰围、腹围、血脂比较, 差异无统计学意义(表1); (2)NGT(-)组分别与NGT(+)组及IGT(+)组相比, HOMA-β差异有统计学意义, 余组间相比差异无统计学意义(表2); (3)IGT(+)组与NGT(-)组相比, L2-L4、股骨颈、股骨粗隆的骨密度差异均有统计学意义(表2); NGT(+)组与NGT(-)组相比, L2-L4、股骨颈、股骨粗隆的骨密度差异均有统计学意义(表2); IGT(+)组与NGT(+)组相比, 以上指标差异无统计学意义(表2).
分组 | 性别(n) | 年龄(岁) | BMI(kg/m2) | 绝经比例 | 腰围(cm) | 血脂(mmol/L) | ||
男 | 女 | TG | LDL-C | |||||
IGT(+)组 | 15 | 15 | 35.8±8.6 | 24.7±1.3 | 5/15 | 89.6±6.1 | 1.89±0.14 | 1.12±0.13 |
NGT(+)组 | 16 | 14 | 36.7±5.7 | 23.5±0.9 | 4/14 | 85.4±5.2 | 1.71±0.21 | 1.23±0.21 |
NGT(-)组 | 17 | 13 | 35.6±7.1 | 22.4±0.8 | 4/13 | 84.7±8.1 | 1.78±0.18 | 1.26±0.18 |
分组 | n | 年龄(岁) | 骨密度(g/cm2) | FPG(mmol/L) | FIns(μU/mL) | HOMA-β | HOMA-IR | ||
(男/女) | L2-L4 | Neck | Troch | ||||||
IGT(+)组 | 30(15/15) | 35.8± 8.6 | 0.88± 0.12 | 0.73± 0.13 | 0.61± 0.13 | 5.77± 0.36 | 27.58± 0.31 | 2.42± 0.65 | 0.71± 0.55 |
NGT(+)组 | 30(16/14) | 36.7± 5.7 | 0.93± 0.13 | 0.89± 0.12 | 0.69± 0.14 | 5.62± 0.35 | 26.95± 0.33 | 2.54± 0.59 | 0.67± 0.57 |
NGT(-)组 | 30(17/13) | 35.6± 7.1 | 1.02± 0.12ac | 0.96± 0.11ac | 0.75± 0.12ac | 4.65± 0.37 | 22.76± 0.35 | 3.96± 0.81ac | 0.47± 0.57 |
许多研究[16-18]证实, 糖尿病患者的骨折以及骨质疏松概率明显高于非糖尿病患者. 众所周知, 1型糖尿病患者骨量减少和骨质疏松的患病率高达48%-72%. 绝经前1型糖尿病女性患者的骨折发生率也较年龄校正对照组人群明显增高[19-22]. T2DM和骨质疏松症在全球范围呈增长趋势, 严重危害患者身体健康并增加国家医疗负担. 有研究[2,7,8]表明, 在T2DM患者中, 血糖控制较差者骨折风险较非糖尿病患者及血糖控制良好者增高47%-62%. 其股骨颈、脊柱骨折的风险较正常人群分别增加2.1倍和3.1倍[23-25]. Meta分析结果提示, 不论1型糖尿病还是T2DM患者其髋部骨折风险较正常人明显升高[26-29]. 随着T2DM的进展及胰岛素分泌不足, 可干扰骨形成和骨吸收的代谢平衡, 引起骨密度水平下降, 因此T2DM患者也较正常人易发生骨质疏松[30,31]. 糖尿病对骨代谢的影响主要表现为骨吸收增加, 骨形成减少与缓慢, 使骨矿物质含量减少, 其主要发病机制是高血糖时葡萄糖从尿液排出, 渗透性利尿作用将大量钙、镁、磷离子排出体外, 低钙低磷刺激甲状旁腺激素的分泌, 使溶骨作用增强[32-35]. 此外, 糖基化产物的增多、胰岛素样生长因子的减少、糖尿病性微血管病变等也易导致骨质疏松[10].
T2DM患者是骨质疏松症的高危人群, 而T2DM患者的一级亲属又是糖尿病的高危人群. 本研究通过对T2DM患者的非糖尿病一级亲属进行临床研究, 发现此类人群中IGT者胰岛分泌功能下降的同时亦伴随骨密度的下降. 然而, 有学者发现糖尿病早期骨密度高于正常, 后期骨密度减低. 推测早期与胰岛功能代偿、高胰岛素血症、成骨细胞活性增加有关; 后期因胰岛功能失代偿, 胰岛素水平下降, 成骨细胞活性减弱相关, 故提出高胰岛素血症可能在某种程度上可以对避免骨丢失起保护作用[11]. 尽管T2DM患者早期骨密度可高于正常, 但骨折的风险高于正常人, 因此对该类患者要早期进行骨折风险评估和防治. Cnop等[12]的研究表明有T2DM家族史的NGT者即已存在IR, 而胰岛β细胞功能的下降则导致了IGT的出现. 关于胰岛功能与骨代谢的关系, 有待从更加严谨的临床设计、更大的样本量及细胞、分子水平方面进一步研究. 本研究主要通过探讨T2DM患者一级亲属中NGT和IGT人群的胰岛β细胞分泌功能与骨密度的关系, 为临床上预防和治疗糖尿病导致的骨质疏松提供一定的科学依据.
研究结果表明, NGT(-)组分别与NGT(+)组及IGT(+)组相比, HOMA-β差异有统计学意义; IGT(+)组与NGT(-)组相比, L2-L4、股骨颈、股骨粗隆的骨密度差异均有统计学意义; NGT(+)组与NGT(-)组相比, L2-L4、股骨颈、股骨粗隆的骨密度差异均有统计学意义. 研究结果表明, T2DM患者胰岛细胞功能明显减弱, 骨质疏松几率显著增加.
该研究为临床有效防治糖尿病及骨质疏松的发生提供新的思路及理论依据. 临床上可对T2DM的非糖尿病一级亲属人群早期进行生活方式或药物的干预, 减少或延缓糖尿病及骨质疏松的发生、发展, 提高个人生活质量, 减轻社会经济负担.
2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者的一级亲属是高危糖尿病人群, 大部分糖耐量正常(normal glucose tolerance, NGT)时即已出现胰岛素分泌功能的受损, 糖尿病患者胰岛功能减退者骨密度亦明显降低, 从而易患骨质疏松.
高国全, 教授, 中山大学中山医学院生物化学教研室
T2DM患者的一级亲属是高危糖尿病人群, 大部分NGT时即已出现胰岛素分泌功能的受损.
本研究主要通过探讨T2DM患者一级亲属中NGT和糖耐量减低(impaired glucose tolerance, IGT)人群的胰岛β细胞分泌功能与骨密度的关系, 为临床有效防治糖尿病及骨质疏松的发生提供新的思路及理论依据.
本文探讨了T2DM患者一级亲属中NGT和IGT人群的胰岛β细胞分泌功能与骨密度的关系. T2DM患者一级亲属也是糖尿病高危人群, 在研究中比较容易忽视的人群, 具有一定的创新性和科学意义.
编辑:韦元涛 电编:闫晋利
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