修回日期: 2015-02-17
接受日期: 2015-03-06
在线出版日期: 2015-04-18
目的: 探讨青少年非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)患者发生2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)的危险因素.
方法: 通过对721例城镇青少年的长期随访, 共有134例患有NAFLD, 17例患有T2DM, 其中12例为NAFLD合并T2DM. 采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析青少年NAFLD患者合并T2DM的危险因素.
结果: 研究样本的NAFLD患病率为18.6%, 男性NAFLD患病率显著高于女性(P<0.05). NAFLD患者的脂肪肝家族史比例、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、腰臀比、中心性肥胖率、餐后2 h血糖(2 hour postprandial blood glucose, 2 h PBG)及T2DM的发病率均显著高于非NAFLD青少年(P<0.05). NAFLD患者合并T2DM的BMI、腰臀比、脂肪肝严重程度、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma glutamine transferase, γ-GT)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、脂肪肝及糖尿病家族史的比例均显著高于未合并T2DM的NAFLD患者(P<0.05). 单因素Logistic回归分析表明, 年龄、BMI≥28 kg/m2、中心性肥胖、脂肪肝及糖尿病家族史与城镇青少年NAFLD合并T2DM显著相关. 进一步的多因素Logistic回归分析表明, 仅BMI≥28 kg/m2、糖尿病家族史是青少年NAFLD合并T2DM的危险因素.
结论: 青少年NAFLD患者T2DM的发病率显著高于非NAFLD青少年, 肥胖(BMI≥28 kg/m2)和糖尿病家族史是青少年NAFLD患者合并T2DM的危险因素, 对于有糖尿病家族史的青少年NAFLD患者应有效控制体质量.
核心提示: 肥胖和糖尿病家族史是青少年非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)患者合并2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)的危险因素, 因此对于有糖尿病家族史的青少年NAFLD患者应有效控制体质量, 以预防和减少T2DM患病风险.
引文著录: 刘建强, 张志坚, 王雯, 林克荣, 柳刚, 江传燊, 陈志平, 李海涛, 林五连. 青少年非酒精性脂肪肝合并2型糖尿病的危险因素. 世界华人消化杂志 2015; 23(11): 1812-1817
Revised: February 17, 2015
Accepted: March 6, 2015
Published online: April 18, 2015
AIM: To investigate the risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in adolescents.
METHODS: A long-term follow-up study of 721 urban adolescents showed that there were 134 NAFLD cases and 17 cases of T2DM. Twelve NAFLD patients had combined T2DM. The risk factors for NAFLD combined with T2DM were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS: The NAFLD prevalence rate in urban adolescents was 18.6%. The prevalence rate in males was significantly higher than that in females (P < 0.05). The percentage of patients with a fatty liver family history, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), ratio of intra-abdominal obesity, 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2 h PBG) and rate of T2DM in NAFLD patients were significantly higher than those in non-NAFLD patients (P < 0.05). BMI, WHR, severity of fatty liver, fasting blood glucose (FBG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamine transferase (γ-GT), total cholesterol (TC), and the percentages of patients with diabetes family history or fatty liver family history in NAFLD patients with T2DM were significantly higher than those in NAFLD patients without T2DM (P < 0.05). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2, intra-abdominal obesity, fatty liver family history and diabetes family history were significantly related to NAFLD combined with T2DM. In the following multivariate logistic regression, only BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 and diabetes family history were significantly related to NAFLD combined with T2DM in adolescents.
CONCLUSION: The rate of T2DM in NAFLD adolescents is significantly higher than that in non-NAFLD adolescents. Obesity (BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2) and diabetes family history are risk factors for NAFLD combined with T2DM in adolescents. Controlling weight effectively is urgent to NAFLD patients with a diabetes family history in adolescents.
- Citation: Liu JQ, Zhang ZJ, Wang W, Lin KR, Liu G, Jiang CS, Chen ZP, Li HT, Lin WL. Risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23(11): 1812-1817
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v23/i11/1812.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v23.i11.1812
随着人们生活水平的提高, 非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的患病率显著增加, NAFLD在普通人群中的患病率为20%-30%[1,2], 肥胖青少年中NAFLD患病率甚至高达77%[3]. 研究[4]表明胰岛素抵抗是NAFLD的发病基础, 青少年NAFLD与糖尿病有着非常密切的关系, NAFLD患者中约1/3合并糖尿病. 目前关于NAFLD与糖尿病孰为因果, 还是互为因果尚存争议. 大多数研究[5,6]关注于2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)合并NAFLD的危险因素, 而NAFLD合并糖尿病的研究较少, 对于青少年NAFLD合并糖尿病更是缺少关注. 本研究通过对既往流行病学调查人群的随访复查, 旨在探究青少年NAFLD患者发生T2DM的患病特征及危险因素, 现报告如下.
研究样本为2008-04按照整群随机抽样的原则在福州市鼓楼区77个居委会中抽取3个居委会(梦山社区居委会、梅峰社区居委会、锦江社区居委会), 每个居委会随机抽取10个居民小组, 逐户调查居民小组内所有10-19岁的市民, 共计958例青少年完成流行病学调查[7]. 于2014-02/04随访复查, 完成此次随访者共721例(75.3%), 其中男性395例, 女性326例.
1.2.1 观察指标: (1)一般情况: 城镇青少年的性别、年龄、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、腰臀比(腰围和臀围的比值), 脂肪肝、糖尿病家族史(被调查个体的一级和二级亲属中有脂肪肝或糖尿病患者)等; (2)肝脏彩超检查; (3)实验室检查: 抽取空腹静脉血, 测定空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 hour postprandial blood glucose, 2 h PBG)、肝功能指标[谷氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(gamma glutamine transferase, γ-GT)]以及血脂[甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)].
1.2.2 诊断标准: 所有NAFLD患者均符合中华医学会肝病学分会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组2010年修订的NAFLD诊断标准[8], T2DM患者均符合世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)1999年制定的T2DM诊断标准. 中心性肥胖诊断依据WHO于2008年制定的标准: 男性腰臀比>0.9, 女性腰臀比>0.85.
统计学处理 采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析, 计量资料采用mean±SD表示, 两组间均数比较用t检验, 计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验, 频数资料的比较用秩和检验. 对NAFLD合并T2DM的危险因素分析采用Logistic回归, P<0.05为差异有统计学意义, 所有统计检验均为双侧检验.
超声诊断脂肪肝149例, 符合NAFLD诊断标准134例, 患有T2DM17例, 共有12例NAFLD合并T2DM. 本研究样本的NAFLD患病率为18.6%(134/721), 男性NAFLD患病率(21.3%)显著高于女性NAFLD患病率(15.3%)(P<0.05). 有脂肪肝家族史180例, 糖尿病家族史73例. NAFLD患者中有脂肪肝家族史的比例、BMI、腰臀比、中心性肥胖比例、AST、γ-GT、TC、2 h PBG均显著高于非NAFLD青少年(P<0.05), 而且NAFLD患者中T2DM的发病率(9.0%)显著高于非NAFLD青少年的T2DM发病率(0.9%)(P<0.001)(表1).
相关指标 | NAFLD | 非NAFLD | P值 |
n | 134 | 587 | |
年龄(岁) | 21.80±2.90 | 21.40±2.30 | 0.108 |
性别(男/女) | 84/50 | 311/276 | 0.044 |
脂肪肝家族史(n) | 63 | 117 | 0.000 |
糖尿病家族史(n) | 14 | 59 | 0.874 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 22.00±3.60 | 20.60±2.40 | 0.000 |
腰臀比 | 0.84±0.07 | 0.82±0.05 | 0.000 |
中心性肥胖(n) | 45 | 91 | 0.000 |
ALT(mmol/L) | 35.20±6.60 | 34.30±6.90 | 0.170 |
AST(mmol/L) | 38.40±7.30 | 35.60±6.80 | 0.000 |
γ-GT(mmol/L) | 45.70±9.10 | 42.50±8.80 | 0.000 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.05±0.29 | 1.01±0.25 | 0.079 |
TC(mmol/L) | 4.05±0.68 | 3.92±0.63 | 0.034 |
FBG(mmol/L) | 5.30±2.10 | 5.00±1.90 | 0.106 |
2 h PBG(mmol/L) | 7.40±3.60 | 6.70±3.30 | 0.030 |
T2DM发病率[%(n1/n)] | 9.0(12/134) | 0.9(5/587) | 0.000 |
青少年NAFLD患者中, 合并T2DM的BMI、腰臀比、中心性肥胖比例、脂肪肝严重程度、AST、γ-GT、TC、FPG、2 h PBG显著高于未合并T2DM的NAFLD患者(P<0.05), 而且有脂肪肝家族史、糖尿病家族史者的比例亦显著高于未合并T2DM的青少年NAFLD患者(P<0.01)(表2).
指标 | 合并T2DM | 未合并T2DM | P值 |
n | 12 | 122 | |
年龄(岁) | 23.00±2.30 | 21.70±2.30 | 0.054 |
性别(男/女) | 9/3 | 76/46 | 0.535 |
脂肪肝家族史(n) | 10 | 53 | 0.000 |
糖尿病家族史(n) | 7 | 29 | 0.001 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 26.10±3.70 | 21.80±3.50 | 0.009 |
腰臀比 | 0.89±0.09 | 0.84±0.07 | 0.023 |
中心性肥胖(n) | 11 | 34 | 0.000 |
脂肪肝程度(轻/中/重) | 2/5/5 | 74/35/13 | 0.001 |
ALT(mmol/L) | 35.20±6.60 | 34.30±6.90 | 0.170 |
AST(mmol/L) | 38.40±7.30 | 35.60±6.80 | 0.000 |
γ-GT(mmol/L) | 45.70±9.10 | 42.50±8.80 | 0.000 |
TG(mmol/L) | 1.29±0.36 | 1.04±0.28 | 0.058 |
TC(mmol/L) | 4.67±0.87 | 3.98±0.66 | 0.023 |
FBG(mmol/L) | 6.70±2.60 | 5.00±1.80 | 0.000 |
2 h PBG(mmol/L) | 8.60±3.40 | 7.20±3.00 | 0.000 |
单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明, 年龄、BMI≥28 kg/m2、中心性肥胖、脂肪肝家族史、糖尿病家族史与城镇青少年NAFLD患者合并T2DM显著相关. 进一步的多因素Logistic回归分析表明, BMI≥28 kg/m2、糖尿病家族史是城镇青少年NAFLD患者合并T2DM的危险因素(表3).
影响因素 | 单因素Logistic | 多因素Logistic | ||
95%CI | P值 | 95%CI | P值 | |
年龄 | 1.081-1.759 | 0.010 | 0.977-1.724 | 0.072 |
性别 | 0.477-3.368 | 0.634 | ||
BMI≥28 kg/m2 | 29.285-278.789 | 0.000 | 7.782-2092.000 | 0.001 |
中心性肥胖 | 4.926-35.774 | 0.000 | 0.153-12.643 | 0.769 |
脂肪肝家族史 | 3.362-32.482 | 0.000 | 0.057-4.810 | 0.566 |
糖尿病家族史 | 2.493-18.368 | 0.000 | 2.219-34.981 | 0.002 |
NAFLD是指一种无过量饮酒史, 以肝细胞脂肪变性和脂质贮积为特征的临床病理综合征. 随着人们生活方式的改变, NAFLD成为一种常见的慢性非感染性肝脏疾病, 而且其患病率不断攀升, 变成一个全世界范围的公共健康问题. 欧美约20%-33%的成年人患有NAFLD[9,10], 青少年NAFLD的患病率近20%, 并已成为青少年肝病的主要病因[11,12].
T2DM与NAFLD作为代谢相关的疾病, 都存在脂质代谢异常和胰岛素抵抗的共同机制. 由于肝脏是产生并利用葡萄糖的器官, 因此肝功能状态会影响血糖尤其是FBG水平. 而且胰岛素、胰高血糖素等激素均在肝脏灭活, 肝功能异常会导致激素水平的变化, 并进一步会影响血糖水平. 研究[13]表明在青少年人群中NAFLD与T2DM有着非常密切的联系, NAFLD和T2DM常常共存[14], 在T2DM患者中NAFLD的患病率甚至高达50%-70%[15,16], 而NAFLD患者中有30%合并T2DM[17,18].
本研究样本中城镇青少年的NAFLD患病率为18.6%, 与6年前此样本的NAFLD患病率仅为4.6%相比显著上升, 表明随着年龄的增长青少年NAFLD患病率逐渐上升. 此外, 男性NAFLD患病率显著高于女性, NAFLD患者的脂肪肝家族史比例、BMI、腰臀比、中心性肥胖比例显著高于非NAFLD青少年, 说明脂肪肝家族史与肥胖是NAFLD患病的危险因素[19]. 而且NAFLD患者的AST、γ-GT、TC、2 h PBG亦显著高于非NAFLD青少年, 表明肥胖合并代谢紊乱仍然是青少年NAFLD患病的主要病因[20]. 此外, NAFLD患者T2DM的发病率显著高于非NAFLD青少年, 这证明了青少年NAFLD与T2DM的发病相关[21].
合并T2DM的青少年NAFLD患者的BMI、腰臀比、中心性肥胖比例、脂肪肝严重程度、AST、γ-GT、TC、FPG、2 h PBG等指标均显著高于未合并T2DM的NAFLD患者, 其脂肪肝、糖尿病家族史者的比例亦显著高于未合并T2DM的NAFLD患者. 这表明合并T2DM的青少年NAFLD, 其肥胖和代谢紊乱较未合并T2DM的NAFLD患者更为严重. 青少年NAFLD患者并发T2DM与其糖尿病家族史有关, 可能是由于遗传易感性的原因, 亦可能是因为家庭中共同的饮食生活方式导致青少年过早患有NAFLD有关. 因此对于青少年脂肪肝患者, 尤其是有糖尿病家族史的患者, 定期行肝脏超声检查外, 还应密切监测血糖.
此外, 既往研究[22]表明控制体质量尤其是当BMI下降15%以上时, 可有效改善肝功能和胰岛素抵抗. 本研究中单因素Logistic回归分析结果表明, 年龄、BMI≥28 kg/m2、中心性肥胖、脂肪肝及糖尿病家族史与城镇青少年NAFLD患者并发T2DM显著相关. 进一步的多因素Logistic回归分析表明, 仅BMI≥28 kg/m2、糖尿病家族史是城镇青少年NAFLD患者并发T2DM的危险因素. 这表明肥胖是NAFLD和T2DM的共同危险因素, 也反映出糖尿病家族史使得青少年NAFLD患者更易于发生T2DM, 也符合T2DM有较强的遗传倾向的特点. 也就是说对于青少年NAFLD患者, 如伴有肥胖和糖尿病家族史, 其并发T2DM的风险大大增加.
总之, 青少年中NAFLD患者T2DM的发病率显著高于非NAFLD青少年, 肥胖(BMI≥28 kg/m2)和糖尿病家族史是城镇青少年NAFLD患者合并T2DM的危险因素. 对于有糖尿病家族史的青少年NAFLD患者, 除定期监测血糖之外, 还应积极控制体质量, 从而降低其患T2DM的风险. 由于本研究为回顾性研究, 尚需进一步的前瞻性研究证实.
随着人们生活水平的提高, 非酒精性脂肪肝(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD)的患病率显著增加, 肥胖青少年中NAFLD患病率甚至高达77%. 研究表明NAFLD患者中约1/3合并糖尿病, 因此探究青少年NAFLD合并2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)的危险因素就显得尤为重要.
郝丽萍, 副教授, 华中科技大学同济医学院公共卫生学院营养与食品卫生学系
研究发现NAFLD患病率不断攀升, 青少年NAFLD的患病率近20%, 并已成为青少年肝病的主要病因. 青少年NAFLD患者中T2DM的发病率显著高于非NAFLD青少年, 但青少年NAFLD患者并发T2DM的危险因素尚不清楚.
Birkenfeld等报道NAFLD与胰岛素抵抗、T2DM有着非常密切的联系, 在T2DM患者中NAFLD的患病率甚至高达50%-70%, 而NAFLD患者中有30%合并T2DM.
本文通过对既往流行病学调查样本的随访研究, 多因素Logistic回归分析表明肥胖、糖尿病家族史是青少年NAFLD合并T2DM的危险因素. 因此对于青少年NAFLD患者来说, 有效控制体质量可能成为预防和减少T2DM患病风险的唯一有效措施.
本研究发现肥胖、糖尿病家族史是青少年NAFLD合并T2DM的危险因素, 由于糖尿病家族史不可改变, 因此临床上应积极控制体质量以期达到预防或减少青少年NAFLD患者的T2DM患病风险.
本研究选题具有较强的现实意义, 论文撰写条理清楚, 研究结果为青少年NAFLD患者预防和减少T2DM患病风险提供依据.
编辑: 郭鹏 电编: 都珍珍
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