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Diagnosis and treatment of traumatic pancreatic injuries
Hai-Xu Lv, Xiang-Yu Zhong, Yun-Fu Cui
Hai-Xu Lv, Xiang-Yu Zhong, Yun-Fu Cui, Department of General Surgery (Division I), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
Correspondence to: Yun-Fu Cui, Professor, Chief Physician, Department of General Surgery (Division I), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China. yfcui777@hotmail.com
Received: March 18, 2013 Revised: April 13, 2013 Accepted: May 25, 2013 Published online: July 8, 2013
Pancreatic trauma accounted for 1%-5% of all blunt abdominal injuries and 12% of penetrating abdominal injuries. Although pancreatic trauma is uncommon, its mortality is high. Early accurate diagnosis, selection of suitable means of treatment based on the degree of injury, and management of complications are issues that should be stressed in the treatment of pancreatic trauma. This article discusses the clinical diagnosis, treatment and complications of pancreatic trauma.
为了使胰腺创伤的诊断和治疗能够规范化, 世界各地区都对胰腺创伤进行了分级, 如最常用的美国创伤外科协会(American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, AAST)分级、Fery和Wardell胰腺外伤分级和日本的Takishima分类法. 但在国内最常用的标准是1990年AAST的器官损伤分级(organ injury classification, OIS)胰腺部分(表1). 此分级分为5个等级, 以胰腺创伤发生的解剖位置不同、存不存在胰管损伤和裂伤深度作为分级标准[10]. Ⅰ、Ⅱ级创伤一般采用非手术方法治疗或者简单的穿刺引流, 而Ⅲ级或更高的创伤往往需要开腹进行胰腺区重建或者进行清创引流术. 此分级的优点在于能够与其他器官创伤分级交互关联, 并且可以融合到为更复杂的创伤评分系统.
非手术治疗儿童胰腺创伤一直是一个有争议的话题. 曾有小规模的案例汇总报告报道了一些关于非手术治疗胰腺创伤的成功案例[31,32]. Wood等[33]在一个单一机构的病案回顾性分析中比较手术与非手术方法治疗儿童胰腺创伤(Ⅱ-Ⅳ级). 此报道中述手术组对非手术组能够降低并发症的发生率(21% vs 7%, P = 0.02), 但是这两组的住院时间基本是相似的(13 d vs 17 d, P = 0.82). 虽然处理发生并发症的非手术患者还需要其他的手段, 但是保守治疗、经皮穿刺引流和内镜下胰腺囊肿胃造口术的效果是很有效的. 2007年, Houben等[34]对9例胰腺创伤儿童使用内镜下放置支架的方法治疗胰胆管损伤. 虽然大部分(66%)的儿童存在胰周积液需要引流, 但是ERCP的治疗使得这些儿童避免了行胰十二指肠切除术.
3.2 手术治疗
胰腺创伤的患者如果存在急性腹膜炎、腹部创伤超声重点评估法(focused assesment of sonography for trauma, FAST)阳性或严重胰管中断, 则需要急诊手术治疗[1,28]. 许多的患者会合并包括血管损伤在内的其他脏器损伤, 这往往也是早期引起死亡的原因[35-37]. 手术处理胰腺创伤的中心原则为: 控制活动性出血、其他脏器复合伤的处理、胰腺周围坏死组织清创、胰腺周围充分引流.
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