修回日期: 2012-01-21
接受日期: 2012-03-20
在线出版日期: 2012-04-28
目的: 探讨内镜下乳头小切开加球囊扩张术治疗胆总管大结石的有效性和安全性.
方法: 2010-01/2011-10我院消化内科住院行内镜下取石的胆总管结石直径>1.2 cm的患者, 随机分为内镜下乳头括约肌切开术(EST)组及内镜下乳头小切开加球囊扩张术(ESBD)组, 每组40例. ESBD组在先行乳头小切开后行乳头球囊扩张; EST组按常规操作.
结果: EST组及ESBD组分别有36例(90%)及38例(95%)成功取净结石; 机械碎石网篮应用比例分别37.5%(15/40)和10%(4/40), P<0.05; 取石时间分别为41.78 min±10.41 min和36.28 min±8.64 min, P<0.05; 术中EST组有2例出现切开后出血, ESBD组无出血病例; EST组各有1例出现发热和腹痛患者, 有2例出现胰腺炎, ESBD组有2例腹痛, 无发热患者, 1例出现胰腺炎. 术后早期并发症总发生率分别为10%(4/40)和7.5%(3/40), P>0.05; 无死亡病例.
结论: 对较大胆总管结石, ESBD取石有与EST取石相近的成功率, 术后并发症无明显升高, 但在操作时间及碎石网篮使用上, ESBD组更有优势.
引文著录: 邵东, 庄耘, 徐馥, 陈建平. 内镜下乳头小切开加球囊扩张术治疗胆总管大结石80例. 世界华人消化杂志 2012; 20(12): 1057-1060
Revised: January 21, 2012
Accepted: March 20, 2012
Published online: April 28, 2012
AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) plus balloon dilation for large bile duct stones.
METHODS: Eighty patients with bile duct stones larger than 1.2 cm, who received endoscopic retrograde eholangiopancreatography (ERCP) from January 2010 to October 2011 at our hospital, were randomly and equally divided into two groups to receive EST and EST plus balloon dilation (ESBD), respectively. Balloon dilation was conducted after small EST in the ESBD group, while conventional EST was used in the EST group.
RESULTS: All stones were removed successfully from 36 patients (90%) of the EST group and 38 (95%) patients of the ESBD group. Mechanical lithotripsy was used to fragment stones in 15 (37.5%) EST procedures and 4 (10%) ESBD procedures. The operation time was longer in the EST group than in the ESBD group (41.78 ± 10.41 vs 36.28 ± 8.64, P < 0.05). Bleeding occurred in two patients of the EST group but not in patients of the ESBD group. Fever, abdominal pain, and acute pancreatitis developed in 1, 1 and 2 patients in the EST group, while abdominal pain and acute pancreatitis in 2 and 1 patients in the ESBD group, respectively. There is no significant difference in the incidence of early complications between the two groups (10% vs 7.5%, P > 0.05). No patient died.
CONCLUSION: ESBD is superior to EST in terms of operating time and the use of mechanical lithotripsy in managing large bile duct stones.
- Citation: Shao D, Zhuang Y, Xu F, Chen JP. Endoscopic sphincterotomy plus balloon dilation for large bile duct stones: An analysis of 80 cases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20(12): 1057-1060
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v20/i12/1057.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v20.i12.1057
内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography, ERCP)及乳头切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy, EST)已广泛应用于胆胰疾病的诊断和治疗, 尤其适用于胆总管结石. 但对于较大胆总管结石, 尤其合并有乳头旁巨大憩室、腔外病灶压迫、牵拉、粘连、毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术的患者, 内镜操作及乳头切开往往余地有限, 常给顺利取石带来困难. 近年来内镜下乳头球囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilation, EPBD)在国内已广泛开展. 有研究显示, 单纯EPBD适用于胆管较小结石、结石少于3枚, 可以保留乳头括约肌功能, 但术后胰腺炎发生率较高[1,2], 从而限制了EPBD的使用. 近来有学者建议先行乳头括约肌小切开, 后采用大口径气囊(>10 mm)对胆管开口进行充分扩张(endoscopic sphincterotomy plus balloon dilatation, ESBD), 对清除胆管较大结石更为便利, 而且术后感染发生率较单纯EST无明细升高[3].
2010-01/2011-10我科住院治疗并诊断胆总管结石患者. 纳入标准: 经MRCP或ERCP提示胆管结石且直径超过1.2 cm; 年龄>18周岁. 排除标准: 曾行EPBD或EST取石者; 凝血功能障碍(凝血酶原时间延长2倍或血小板计数<70×109/L); 严重的心肺疾病患者无法耐受内镜检查. OlympusTJF260电子十二指肠镜, 高频电装置, 标准及超滑亲水导丝, Olympus聪明刀, 标准造影导管, 取石气囊, 网篮, 机械碎石网篮, 鼻胆引流管, 胆管塑料引流支架和推送导管, 扩张气囊(Boston Scientific)长度58 mm, 气囊压力表, 充盈后气囊直径分别为12、14、15、20 mm.
1.2.1 分组: 对纳入病例采用随机数字表法随机分为2组: 分别为EST组和ESBD组.
1.2.2 治疗: 常规术前准备, 胆管造影确认胆管结石的位置和大小. (1)EST组行乳头括约肌切开, 根据结石大小及乳头情况分别行大切开及中切开, 如结石较大, 可先行碎石网篮行机械碎石后再分次取出. 术后气囊封堵胆管造影示胆管无充盈缺损, 常规置入鼻胆管1根, 根据患者情况引流3-5 d; (2)ESBD组首先行乳头小切开, 胆管留置导丝, 根据结石大小及胆总管下段直径选择合适扩张气囊, 沿导丝置入扩张气囊, 最大不超过胆总管下端直径, 气囊充填造影剂, 在X线和内镜监视下进行扩张, 直至X线下狭窄段腰线消失, 停留1 min后抽出造影剂、退出气囊, 用取石气囊、取石网篮取石, 如估计结石较大无法通过出口, 可先行机械碎石后再取出. 术后胆管造影示胆管无充盈缺损, 常规置入鼻胆管1根, 根据患者情况引流3-5 d.
1.2.3 术后检测及随访: 分别于术后即刻、术后2 h及24 h查血常规、血淀粉酶, 并记录患者腹痛、腹胀、恶心呕吐、发热、出血等临床症状, 必要时腹部CT检查. 经鼻胆引流管造影复查有无残余结石, 有残余结石者再次取石.
统计学处理 数据整理统计使用SPSS19.0统计软件, 两样本率比较采用χ2检验, 两样本均数比较采用两样本t检验, 以P<0.05认为有统计学意义.
两组患者年龄无明显差异(57.57±15.07 vs 58.95±16.18, P>0.05), 但胆管直径及结石直径, ESBD组>EST组(1.63±0.27 vs 1.80±0.33, 1.38±0.15 vs 1.54±0.22, P<0.05, P<0.01), 同时EST组多发结石少于ESBD组(3/40和12/40, P<0.05).
ESBD组手术操作过程如图1所示. EST组共有4例未能取石成功(成功率90%), 分别为憩室内乳头2例, 切开余地小, 结石大; 1例为胆管下段狭窄, 结石无法取出; 1例结石过大、过多, 胆管腔充满充盈缺损影, 无法取出. ESBD组有2例患者取石失败, 均为巨大结石, 碎石网篮无法完整套住结石(成功率95%). 取石时间, ESBD组少于EST组(41.78 min±10.41 min vs 36.28 min±8.64 min, P<0.05); 碎石器的使用次数, ESBD组少于EST组(15 vs 4, P<0.05). EST组有2例取石过程中出现切开渗血不止, 予以局部电凝及喷洒肾上腺素冰盐水后, 出血停止, ESBD组无大量出血等情况发生.
EST组2例发生术后急性胰腺炎, 各有1例患者出现腹痛、发热等表现, 无消化系穿孔; ESBD组有1例患者出现急性胰腺炎, 2例出现腹痛, 无发热等感染表现, 无消化系穿孔发生. 胰腺炎患者予以生长抑素抑制胰酶分泌、抑酸、抗感染等治疗, 胰腺炎症状很快恢复, 腹痛、发热等并发感染患者予以抗感染等处理, 腹痛、体温也很快恢复正常. 两组并发症比较, 差异无统计学意义(4/40和3/40, P>0.05).
ERCP+EST取石术已经成为胆总管结石治疗的金标准, 已被越来越多地应用于临床. 他具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点, 但也有出血、穿孔、感染等各种并发症发生; 而且, 随着时间的推移, 尤其对年轻患者, EST术后由于括约肌功能丧失及肠液反流导致结石复发甚至癌变等受到人们广泛重视[4-7]. 数篇报道认为EPBD可保护十二指肠乳头括约肌功能, 从而减少EST术后出血、穿孔、感染等各种并发症的发生, 尤其适用于年轻患者. 但另有研究显示单纯气囊扩张乳头易引起ERCP术后胰腺炎, 其安全性受到置疑, 很多学者不建议单独使用EPBD[8]; 同时对于较大、较多胆总管结石, 单纯EPBD无法取出, 往往需要频繁使用碎石器, 这大大增加了术后胆管炎及ERCP术后胰腺炎的发生[9,10].
近年来由学者提出先行EST后再行ESBD可提高清除大结石的便利性和成功率, 同时降低术后感染、出血等并发症的风险[11,12]. 乳头小切开后胆管和胰管开口相互分离, 同时胆管留置导丝后气囊扩张可以相对避开胰管方向扩张, 可以减少胰管开口的损伤、水肿, 减少术后胰腺炎的发生. 本研究结果显示, 相对于EST组, 虽然ESBD组结石直径大、多发结石多, 但ESBD组操作时间仍然较短, 同时碎石器使用率较低, 术后胰腺炎、发热、腹痛等感染并发症两组发生率无明显差异(P>0.05). 考虑EST组使用碎石器较高, 反复碎石, 频繁进网篮、球囊、导丝等器械导致操作时间长, 同时极易导致乳头开口肿胀、出血等发生, 本实验EST组就发生了2例取较大结石通过乳头开口时导致乳头口出血、需要补充电凝及去甲肾上腺素盐水冲洗后才止血的情况. 而ESBD组可以根据结石大小及胆管下端直径选择不同扩张球囊, 增加了术者的主动性, 减少了碎石器的使用, 直径<1.5 cm结石往往可以一次性取出, 从而缩短操作时间, 减少了感染的发生. 对于多发结石, 遵循先取胆管远端结石为原则, 保持出口的通畅, 防止结石崁顿于乳头开口导致取石失败. 相对于EST, ESBD组乳头口为钝性撕裂, 术后应常规放置ENBD, 以防术后胆管炎发生, 本组中均常规放置ENBD, 术后胆管感染发生率较EST组无明显差异.
对于扩张球囊的选择, 我们认为可以根据结石大小及胆管下端直径来定, 一般尽量不能超过胆管下端直径, 如果球囊直径超过胆管下端直径很多, 容易导致胆管穿孔, 同时扩张应在X透视下进行, 不能扩张过快, 应缓和增加压力, 过快扩张可能有导致胆管穿孔及大量出血的危险. 目前已有乳头小切开联合乳头大气囊扩张发生胆管穿孔的临床报道[13], 本研究选用气囊最大直径2.0 cm, 但患者胆管下段直径约2.8 cm, 内有3枚约1.8-2.5 cm巨大结石, 气囊扩张加机械碎石后成功取出, 无穿孔等并发症发生.
总之, 本研究显示对于胆总管较大结石, ESBD能达到同EST相同的取石效果, 与国外报道相似[14,15]. 同时在术后并发症方面, 无明显差异, 尤其对于胆总管巨大结石、凝血功能障碍、乳头旁憩室、小乳头等EST大切开余地有限的患者, 效果尤其明显, 值得临床推广. 同时对于其扩张后的结石复发率、乳头功能等有待于进一步长期临床随访和观察.
上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, EMT)现象是近年来肝纤维化研究的热点问题之一. 在此过程中, 一些细胞表达物会发生变化, 可以用于研究EMT.
季菊玲, 副教授, 南通大学医学院病理教研室
EMT/MET的平衡关系影响了慢性肝病的转归. 如果EMT超过MET, 则肝脏修复以纤维化为主; 如果MET超过EMT, 则正常上皮增生、纤维化逆转, 因此通过抑制EMT减轻或逆转肝纤维化, 可能是抗纤维化研究新的靶点.
多种体外实验证据表明, 不论用TGF-β还是四氯化碳(CCl4)干预, 都可在小鼠的原代肝细胞或肝细胞系培养中发现肝细胞发生了EMT.
本文内容较丰富, 有助于同行了解上皮间质转化现象与肝纤维化的背景知识, 为进一步研究提供了必要的参考资料.
编辑: 张姗姗 电编: 闫晋利
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