修回日期: 2011-06-21
接受日期: 2011-07-05
在线出版日期: 2011-07-28
溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种病因不明的肠道慢性炎症性疾病, 目前较为一致的观点认为, UC是携带易感基因的个体在环境因素的作用下, 自身免疫功能紊乱所引发的一种肠道非特异性炎症性疾病. 其发病的种族地理差异、单卵双生子的高共患率和家族聚集现象, 提示遗传因素在UC发病中起重要作用. 目前已发现许多UC相关基因及易感突变位点, 本文就这些基因与UC遗传易感性关系的研究进展作一介绍.
引文著录: 朱芳丽, 刘蕾, 张晓岚. 溃疡性结肠炎易感基因的研究进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2011; 19(21): 2201-2206
Revised: June 21, 2011
Accepted: July 5, 2011
Published online: July 28, 2011
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease whose etiology is still unknown. It is widely believed that UC is a kind of non-specific inflammatory disease which is caused by environmental factors and autoimmune disorders in people who carry susceptibility genes. Epidemiologic data, such as familial aggregation, twin studies, and racial/ethnic differences in disease prevalence, indicate that there are genetic contributions to UC pathogenesis. In this article, we will review the recent progress in research of genes associated with susceptibility to UC.
- Citation: Zhu FL, Liu L, Zhang XL. Genes associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19(21): 2201-2206
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v19/i21/2201.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v19.i21.2201
溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC)是一种复发性、肠道慢性炎症性疾病, 与克罗恩病(Crohn's disease, CD)共称为炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD). IBD发病的确切机制尚不明确, 目前认为是由环境、遗传、感染和免疫等多种因素相互作用所致. 流行病学研究显示: 白人发病率较高, 黑人、亚洲人和拉丁美洲人发病率较低; 犹太人的发病危险性比非犹太人高2-4倍[1]; 5%-10%的患者中有IBD阳性家族史; IBD患者的一级亲属发病率是普通人群的30-100倍, 其子女、同胞和父母的发病率分别为8.9%、8.8%和3.5%[2]. 这些均提示遗传因素在决定 IBD的发病中起到重要作用. 近20年来, 全基因组扫描结果显示IBD易感座位分布于第1、3、4、5、6、7、10、12、14、16、19号和X染色体上, 其中有9个与IBD相关的易感座位被命名(IBD1-9), 他们分别为: 位于染色体16q上的IBD1, 12p13.2-q24.1上的IBD2, 6p上的IBD3, 14q11-q12上的IBD4, 5q31上的IBD5, 19p13上的IBD6, 1p36上的IBD7, 16p上的IBD8以及3p26上的IBD9. 目前研究提示, UC的易感基因主要位于第6、7、12、16、19等号染色体上.
位于人类6号染色体短臂上的主要组织相容性复合体(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)基因在免疫应答和免疫调节中起重要作用, 为近十几年来遗传学的研究热点. MHC所含基因十分密集, 可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3个亚群, 具有高度多态性. 在MHC基因中, 研究最多的是编码细胞表面抗原呈递蛋白的4种MHC基因, 即MHC-A、B、C和D. MHC-A、B、C属于MHC-Ⅰ, MHC-D属于MHC-Ⅱ.
MHC-Ⅰ类相关基因A(MHC classⅠ chain-related gene A, MICA)和MHC-Ⅰ类相关基因B(MHC classⅠ chain-related gene B, MICB)是MIC家族的功能性基因, 属于非经典的HLA-Ⅰ类基因, 具有较高的多态性. MICA和MICB位于6p21. MICA距HLA-B着丝粒端约46 kb, 全长11.7 kb, 编码1 382 bp的转录子; MICB距HLA-B基因着丝粒端约141.2 kb, 全长12.9 kb, 编码2 376 bp的转录子. 正常情况下, MICA和MICB分子与表达于NK细胞、T淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞上的受体NKG2D结合, 联合激活上述细胞. 当细菌或病毒感染时, MICA和MICB表达增加. 研究发现UC患者肠黏膜组织中MICA、MICB及其受体NKG2D的mRNA表达水平均增高, 提示MICA、MICB及其与NKG2D间的相互作用对UC局部肠黏膜炎性反应起重要作用[3]. MICA和MICB的基因突变可能通过改变与受体NKG2D的结合能力影响免疫系统活性, 从而导致UC发病. Orchard等[4]研究证实英国人MICA*007与UC易感性相关, 但与CD发病不相关; MICA*008与伴有关节病变的IBD患者相关. MICA-129基因多态性与西班牙人UC发病存在关联, UC患者与正常对照组相比, MICA-129 met/met基因型频率显著增高, MICA-129val/met基因型频率显著降低[5]. 亦有研究证实MICA-A5.1[6]、MICB-CA18[7]及MICB0106[8]均与国人UC相关.
在对IBD候选基因的研究中, 以人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen, HLA)基因最多. HLA-Ⅱ属于免疫球蛋白超基因家族, 主要分布在B淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、抗原递呈细胞及活化的T淋巴细胞表面, 对于T淋巴细胞免疫应答及B淋巴细胞产生抗体均有重要作用. 此区主要基因包括HLA-DR、HLA-DP和HLA-DQ. 1995年人们就开始用分子生物学方法筛查HLA-Ⅱ区域的UC易感基因[9], 在研究中发现, UC易感性主要与HLA-Ⅱ的DR区多态性有关[10,11]. 对DR区进行深入研究发现, HLA-DRB1*1502与UC重症表型有关; DRB1*0103在很大程度上与广泛性结肠炎或有肠外表现的UC有关[12-14]. HLA-DR15可能导致广泛性结肠炎型UC[15]. HLA-DRB1*030l则与轻型UC的发病有关; HLA-DR4可能为UC的保护因子[16].
肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)基因位于MHC-Ⅲ类基因区, 着丝粒端距HLA-B 250 kb, 端粒端距HLA-DR 850 kb. TNF-α即经典的TNF, 主要由细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)激活单核巨噬细胞产生, 是由157个氨基酸组成的蛋白质. TNF-α基因启动子区域存在6个单核苷酸多态性(TNF-1031T/C、-863C/A、-857C/T、-380G/A、-308G/A、-238G/A)位点, 其中针对TNF-308G/A的研究较多, 但结果却不甚一致.
Wilson等[17]首先报道了TNF-α基因启动子区域内-308位点存在G/A多态性, G存在的基因称TNF-α1; 被 A替 代 的 基 因 属 罕 见 型, 称 为TNF-α2. 这一点突变造成了限制性内切酶NcoⅠ识别位点的缺失, 使被A替代的核苷酸序列不能被NcoⅠ识别并切断, 影响TNF的转录和产量[18]. 一些体外实验表明TNF-α2转录活性增强, 在3'TUR存在的情况下, TNF-α2形式比TNF-α1形式转录活性高2倍[19]. TNF-308的多态性影响其生物活性作用, 从而引发相关疾病. Cucchiara等[20]在意大利IBD患者中发现TNF-308G/A与UC及CD均显著相关, TNF-α-308A为CD及UC的易感基因, 携带TNF-α-308A基因的CD患者对糖皮质激素治疗反应不敏感, 常常需要手术治疗. 日本的一项大规模研究也显示TNF-308G/A多态性与UC显著相关[21]. 对我国110例无关联的UC患者与292名健康对照者的对照研究发现, TNF-308A与中国汉族人UC显著相关, 提示TNF-308可能为UC易感基因; TNF-308A的突变导致TNF-α活性增强或分泌增多, 患者体内致炎因子与抑炎因子失衡, 产生过度炎症反应, 最终导致UC发病[22]. 同时, 累积的研究显示上述结果存在种族差异. 宋瑛等[23]研究证实TNF-308G/A基因与中国人UC发病的易感性相关, 与CD无关; 但土耳其人[24]及印度人[25]的TNF-308G/A基因多态性与UC易感性并不相关; 而国内的另一项研究表明, TNF-308G/A位点基因多态性为IBD的非遗传易感因素, 但与其活动性、病情严重程度相关[26]. 最近, 一项关于TNF-308G/A与UC遗传易感性的Meta分析显示, TNF-308G/A与欧洲人和亚洲人UC均相关[27].
NOD2/CARD15是第一个被发现的CD易感基因[32-34], 位于16号染色体着丝粒周围(16q12), 主要在巨噬细胞、小肠腺特有的潘氏细胞中表达, 编码含有2个CARD结构域和6个LRRs(1eucine-rich repeats)的蛋白. CARD15蛋白通过识别外来细菌的胞壁酰二肽(muramyl dipeptide, MDP)激活NF-κB, 对细菌LPS发生的免疫反应中起作用[35,36]; 此外, 当遇到入侵机体的微生物时, CARD15能诱导上皮细胞中人类β防御素2(human beta-defensin-2, HBD-2)表达, 构成了上皮细胞对抗外来微生物的第一道快速防线[37]. 因此, 当CARD15基因发生突变, 进而所编码的蛋白结构发生改变, 就成为CD发病的风险因素之一. 大多数研究认为NOD2/CARD15与CD的遗传易感性关系密切、与UC无关[34]. 但是, 如果TL4或CD14基因与NOD2/CARD15基因突变同时存在, 则使UC易感性增加[38]. IBD1中D16s408附近区域的基因与UC发病也有关系, 如单个等位基因突变则使UC患病率增加, 而双等位基因突变可导致重度CD[39]. 因此, 尽管不如与CD的关联性那么显著, 但是NOD2基因与UC也具有一定的相关性.
内皮细胞黏附分子-l(intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1)属于免疫球蛋白超家族(immunoglobulin superfamily, IGSF)成员, 是19号染色体上的主要候选基因. ICAM-1基因是位于19p13.2-p13.3上的单拷贝基因, 全长约15.5 kb, 含7个外显子和6个内含子, 目前发现两个多态性位点, 分别位于241(G/R)密码子和469(K/E)密码子. ICAM-1 241G/G纯合子等位基因与高加索地区UC病变局限有关[40]. 日本UC、CD患者中K469等位基因频率及基因型频率均明显增高[41].
多药耐药(multi-drug resistance, MDR)基因是转运蛋白超家族成员之一P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)的编码基因. 人类MDR基因包括MDR1和MDR3(又称MDR2)基因, 其中以MDR1起主导作用. MDR1基因位于第7q21.1段, 目前已知的MDR1基因多态现象中, 第26外显子C3435T和第21外显子G2677T/A有较重要的功能意义, 他们可能与P-gp活性有较密切的关系. MDR1-C3435T变异型可使P-gp表达减少、功能降低, 导致对UC的易感性增加, 并影响UC的临床表现[42,43]. Kobayashi等[44]研究表明MDR1 3435T等位基因和3435TT基因型在UC患者中的频率均高于正常人群, 在广泛型UC患者中尤为明显, 而在CD患者与健康对照者之间没有区别. 在伊朗UC患者中, MDR1 3435T等位基因频率明显高于健康对照组, 3435TT基因型和3435CT基因型频率亦显著增高, 提示MRD1可能是伊朗人UC的易感基因[45]. 但在韩国未发现MRD1与UC具有相关性[46].
IL-23受体(interleukin-23 receptor, IL-23R)基因位于1p31区, 编码致炎细胞因子IL-23受体的亚单位. UC和CD患者的IL23R p.Arg381Gln G等位基因频率明显低于健康对照者, 而UC与CD患者间的基因型分布无明显差异, 其基因多态性与疾病类型不相关[47]. Dubinsky等[48]也证实IL-23R基因上的R381Q变异与非犹太人儿童CD、非犹太人UC有关, 而与犹太人UC无关. 国内的一项研究表明, IL-23R rs11805303位点的多态性可能是UC患者的一个遗传标志, 但与该病病变特点无明显相关性[49].
Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLR)是近年来发现的重要免疫受体, TLR4位于染色体9q区, 全基因组扫描并未有该基因片段与IBD相关的提示. 但是, 在一项病例对照研究发现TLR4 Asp299Gly多态性与CD和UC均明显相关[50]. Browning等[51]的研究及Meta分析也支持TLR4与IBD相关.
此外, 细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, CTLA-4)基因微卫星122 bp等位基因频率在中国UC及CD患者中显著增高; CTLA-4基因启动子区1661位点G等位基因与中国汉族人UC存在显著相关性[52], 但与UC的病变部位及有无肠外表现无关[53]. IBD5位点上SLC22A4的1672TT基因型、SLC22A5的207CC基因型和TC单倍型与意大利人UC和CD均具有相关性, 且TC单倍型与有肛瘘或造口狭窄的CD、广泛型UC以及需免疫抑制剂治疗的UC相关[54].
IBD易感基因的发现揭开了IBD发病机制研究的新篇章, 从分子生物学水平证实了遗传因素在IBD发病中的作用. 目前可以明确的是, IBD是一种复杂的多基因疾病, 其遗传易感性涉及多个基因位点. IBD虽然可以发生在同一家族, 并共有某些临床特征, 但是同一家族中患者的病变部位、病变范围、严重程度、肠外表现、对治疗的反应、同胞再发风险等方面却具有多样性, 这说明IBD并非简单的单基因遗传疾病, 诱发疾病的多个基因之间并没有显性和隐性的区别, 而是共显效应. 此外, 同一基因在不同人群中的研究结果也不尽相同, 这也表明基因多态性对IBD发病的影响存在种族及地域差异. 这就需要开展多中心、大规模、标准化和互相协作的研究, 进一步深入了解IBD的易感基因及其功能, 为明确该病的发病机制、指导临床诊断、研制新的药物, 甚至进行基因治疗提供重要依据和指导意见.
溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种复发性、肠道慢性炎症性疾病. 目前认为是由环境、遗传、感染和免疫等多种因素相互作用所致.
王承党, 教授, 福建医科大学附属第一医院消化内科
位于人类6号染色体短臂上的主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)基因在免疫应答和免疫调节中起重要作用, 为近十几年来遗传学的研究热点.
Kobayashi等研究表明MDR1 3435T等位基因和3435TT基因型在UC患者中的频率均高于正常人群, 在广泛型UC患者中尤为明显, 而在CD患者与健康对照者之间没有区别.
本文对近年来有关UC基因研究做了比较全面的综述, 对进一步研究UC的遗传学特性有一定的指导价值.
编辑:李薇 电编:何基才
1. | Sugimura K, Taylor KD, Lin YC, Hang T, Wang D, Tang YM, Fischel-Ghodsian N, Targan SR, Rotter JI, Yang H. A novel NOD2/CARD15 haplotype conferring risk for Crohn disease in Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72:509-518. [PubMed] [DOI] |
2. | Judge T, Lichtenstein GR. The NOD2 gene and Crohn's disease: another triumph for molecular genetics. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:826-828. [PubMed] [DOI] |
4. | Orchard TR, Dhar A, Simmons JD, Vaughan R, Welsh KI, Jewell DP. MHC class I chain-like gene A (MICA) and its associations with inflammatory bowel disease and peripheral arthropathy. Clin Exp Immunol. 2001;126:437-440. [PubMed] [DOI] |
5. | López-Hernández R, Valdés M, Lucas D, Campillo JA, Martínez-Garcia P, Salama H, López M, Salgado G, Botella C, Minguela A. Association analysis of MICA gene polymorphism and MICA-129 dimorphism with inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility in a Spanish population. Hum Immunol. 2010;71:512-514. [PubMed] [DOI] |
6. | Ding Y, Xia B, Lü M, Zhang Y, Li J, Ye M, Luo H, Yu J, Zhang X, Tan J. MHC class I chain-related gene A-A5.1 allele is associated with ulcerative colitis in Chinese population. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;142:193-198. [PubMed] [DOI] |
7. | Lü M, Xia B, Li J, Ye M, Zhang X, Tan Q. MICB microsatellite polymorphism is associated with ulcerative colitis in Chinese population. Clin Immunol. 2006;120:199-204. [PubMed] [DOI] |
8. | Li Y, Xia B, Lü M, Ge L, Zhang X. MICB0106 gene polymorphism is associated with ulcerative colitis in central China. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2010;25:153-159. [PubMed] [DOI] |
9. | Duerr RH, Neigut DA. Molecularly defined HLA-DR2 alleles in ulcerative colitis and an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive subgroup. Gastroenterology. 1995;108:423-427. [PubMed] [DOI] |
10. | Reinshagen M, Loeliger C, Kuehnl P, Weiss U, Manfras BJ, Adler G, Boehm BO. HLA class II gene frequencies in Crohn's disease: a population based analysis in Germany. Gut. 1996;38:538-542. [PubMed] [DOI] |
11. | Heresbach D, Alizadeh M, Reumaux D, Colombel JF, Delamaire M, Danze PM, Gosselin M, Genetet B, Bretagne JF, Semana G. Are HLA-DR or TAP genes genetic markers of severity in ulcerative colitis? J Autoimmun. 1996;9:777-784. [PubMed] [DOI] |
12. | van Heel DA, Fisher SA, Kirby A, Daly MJ, Rioux JD, Lewis CM. Inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility loci defined by genome scan meta-analysis of 1952 affected relative pairs. Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13:763-770. [PubMed] [DOI] |
13. | de Bakker PI, McVean G, Sabeti PC, Miretti MM, Green T, Marchini J, Ke X, Monsuur AJ, Whittaker P, Delgado M. A high-resolution HLA and SNP haplotype map for disease association studies in the extended human MHC. Nat Genet. 2006;38:1166-1172. [PubMed] [DOI] |
14. | Ahmad T, Marshall SE, Jewell D. Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease: the role of the HLA complex. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:3628-3635. [PubMed] |
15. | Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Uscanga LF, Vargas-Alarcón G, Ruiz-Morales JA, Higuera L, Cutiño T, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Villarreal-Garza C, Granados J. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in Mexican patients with ulcerative colitis. Hum Immunol. 2003;64:119-123. [PubMed] [DOI] |
16. | Matri S, Boubaker J, Hamzaoui S, Bardi R, Ayed K, Filali A. [The role of major histocompatibility complex genes in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]. Tunis Med. 2003;81:289-294. [PubMed] |
17. | Wilson AG, di Giovine FS, Blakemore AI, Duff GW. Single base polymorphism in the human tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene detectable by NcoI restriction of PCR product. Hum Mol Genet. 1992;1:353. [PubMed] [DOI] |
18. | Fong KY, Howe HS, Tin SK, Boey ML, Feng PH. Polymorphism of the regulatory region of tumour necrosis factor alpha gene in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1996;25:90-93. [PubMed] |
19. | Kroeger KM, Carville KS, Abraham LJ. The -308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription. Mol Immunol. 1997;34:391-399. [PubMed] [DOI] |
20. | Cucchiara S, Latiano A, Palmieri O, Canani RB, D'Incà R, Guariso G, Vieni G, De Venuto D, Riegler G, De'Angelis GL. Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha but not MDR1 influence response to medical therapy in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44:171-179. [PubMed] [DOI] |
21. | Sashio H, Tamura K, Ito R, Yamamoto Y, Bamba H, Kosaka T, Fukui S, Sawada K, Fukuda Y, Tamura K. Polymorphisms of the TNF gene and the TNF receptor superfamily member 1B gene are associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. Immunogenetics. 2002;53:1020-1027. [PubMed] |
23. | 宋 瑛, 吴 开春, 张 沥, 郝 志明, 李 红涛, 张 玲霞, 乔 泰东, 李 彩宁, 樊 代明. 肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性与炎症性肠病的相关性分析. 中华消化杂志. 2005;25:202-206. |
24. | Celik Y, Dagli U, Kiliç MY, Törüner M, Ozen SC, Ozkan M, Soykan I, Cetinkaya H, Ulker A, Ozden A. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:559-565. [PubMed] [DOI] |
25. | Mittal RD, Manchanda PK, Bid HK, Ghoshal UC. Analysis of polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and polymorphic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in inflammatory bowel disease: study from northern India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:920-924. [PubMed] [DOI] |
27. | Fan W, Maoqing W, Wangyang C, Fulan H, Dandan L, Jiaojiao R, Xinshu D, Binbin C, Yashuang Z. Relationship between the polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-α-308 G& gt; A and susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011;19:432-437. [PubMed] [DOI] |
28. | Fei BY, Lv HX, Yang JM, Ye ZY. Association of MIF-173 gene polymorphism with inflammatory bowel disease in Chinese Han population. Cytokine. 2008;41:44-47. [PubMed] [DOI] |
29. | Nohara H, Okayama N, Inoue N, Koike Y, Fujimura K, Suehiro Y, Hamanaka Y, Higaki S, Yanai H, Yoshida T. Association of the -173 G/C polymorphism of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol. 2004;39:242-246. [PubMed] [DOI] |
31. | Zhu J, Xia B, Guo Q, Cheng H, Li J, Ye M, Hu Z, Zhang X, Tan J. Distribution of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 gene G2964A polymorphism in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:1854-1857. [PubMed] [DOI] |
32. | Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, Britton H, Moran T, Karaliuskas R, Duerr RH. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature. 2001;411:603-606. [PubMed] [DOI] |
33. | Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cézard JP, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, O'Morain CA, Gassull M. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature. 2001;411:599-603. [PubMed] [DOI] |
34. | Hampe J, Cuthbert A, Croucher PJ, Mirza MM, Mascheretti S, Fisher S, Frenzel H, King K, Hasselmeyer A, MacPherson AJ. Association between insertion mutation in NOD2 gene and Crohn's disease in German and British populations. Lancet. 2001;357:1925-1928. [PubMed] [DOI] |
35. | Girardin SE, Boneca IG, Viala J, Chamaillard M, Labigne A, Thomas G, Philpott DJ, Sansonetti PJ. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:8869-8872. [PubMed] [DOI] |
36. | Klein W, Tromm A, Folwaczny C, Hagedorn M, Duerig N, Epplen JT, Schmiegel WH, Griga T. A polymorphism of the NFKBIA gene is associated with Crohn's disease patients lacking a predisposing allele of the CARD15 gene. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2004;19:153-156. [PubMed] [DOI] |
37. | Voss E, Wehkamp J, Wehkamp K, Stange EF, Schröder JM, Harder J. NOD2/CARD15 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin-2. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:2005-2011. [PubMed] [DOI] |
38. | Gazouli M, Mantzaris G, Kotsinas A, Zacharatos P, Papalambros E, Archimandritis A, Ikonomopoulos J, Gorgoulis VG. Association between polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 4, CD14, and CARD15/NOD2 and inflammatory bowel disease in the Greek population. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:681-685. [PubMed] |
39. | Forabosco P, Collins A, Latiano A, Annese V, Clementi M, Andriulli A, Fortina P, Devoto M, Morton NE. Combined segregation and linkage analysis of inflammatory bowel disease in the IBD1 region using severity to characterise Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. On behalf of the GISC. Eur J Hum Genet. 2000;8:846-852. [PubMed] [DOI] |
40. | Low JH, Williams FA, Yang X, Cullen S, Colley J, Ling KL, Armuzzi A, Ahmad T, Neville MJ, Dechairo BM. Inflammatory bowel disease is linked to 19p13 and associated with ICAM-1. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:173-181. [PubMed] [DOI] |
41. | Matsuzawa J, Sugimura K, Matsuda Y, Takazoe M, Ishizuka K, Mochizuki T, Seki SS, Yoneyama O, Bannnai H, Suzuki K. Association between K469E allele of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene and inflammatory bowel disease in a Japanese population. Gut. 2003;52:75-78. [PubMed] [DOI] |
42. | Cortada CM, Gil A, Goncalves S, Sambuelli A, Rubio MC, Carballo MA. [P-glycoprotein functional activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes in ulcerative colitis]. Medicina (B Aires). 2009;69:437-441. [PubMed] |
43. | Wilk JN, Bilsborough J, Viney JL. The mdr1a-/- mouse model of spontaneous colitis: a relevant and appropriate animal model to study inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Res. 2005;31:151-159. [PubMed] [DOI] |
44. | Kobayashi S, Maesato K, Moriya H, Ohtake T, Ikeda T. Insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45:275-280. [PubMed] [DOI] |
45. | Farnood A, Naderi N, Moghaddam SJ, Noorinayer B, Firouzi F, Aghazadeh R, daryani NE, Zali MR. The frequency of C3435T MDR1 gene polymorphism in Iranian patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:999-1003. [PubMed] [DOI] |
46. | Lee BI, Choi KY, Lee KM, Chung WC, Kim BW, Choi H, Cho SH, Kang HJ, Lee JS, Kim MS. [Is C3435T polymorphism of MDR1 related to inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer in Korean?]. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2006;47:22-29. [PubMed] |
47. | Büning C, Schmidt HH, Molnar T, De Jong DJ, Fiedler T, Bühner S, Sturm A, Baumgart DC, Nagy F, Lonovics J. Heterozygosity for IL23R p.Arg381Gln confers a protective effect not only against Crohn's disease but also ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:1025-1033. [PubMed] |
48. | Dubinsky MC, Wang D, Picornell Y, Wrobel I, Katzir L, Quiros A, Dutridge D, Wahbeh G, Silber G, Bahar R. IL-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene protects against pediatric Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13:511-515. [PubMed] [DOI] |
49. | 陈 正彦, 智 发朝, 智 佳, 姚 国鹏, 林 勇, 关 婧, 张 迎春, 王 继德, 陈 烨, 姜 泊. 白细胞介素-23受体基因多态性与炎症性肠病关系的初步研究. 中华消化杂志. 2008;28:369-372. |
50. | Franchimont D, Vermeire S, El Housni H, Pierik M, Van Steen K, Gustot T, Quertinmont E, Abramowicz M, Van Gossum A, Devière J. Deficient host-bacteria interactions in inflammatory bowel disease? The toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 Asp299gly polymorphism is associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Gut. 2004;53:987-992. [PubMed] [DOI] |
51. | Browning BL, Huebner C, Petermann I, Gearry RB, Barclay ML, Shelling AN, Ferguson LR. Has toll-like receptor 4 been prematurely dismissed as an inflammatory bowel disease gene? Association study combined with meta-analysis shows strong evidence for association. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:2504-2512. [PubMed] [DOI] |
54. | Palmieri O, Latiano A, Valvano R, D'Incà R, Vecchi M, Sturniolo GC, Saibeni S, Peyvandi F, Bossa F, Zagaria C. Variants of OCTN1-2 cation transporter genes are associated with both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:497-506. [PubMed] [DOI] |