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Advances in complete small-bowel examination by capsule endoscopy
Jin-Hua Yuan, Lei Xin, Zhuan Liao, Zhao-Shen Li
Jin-Hua Yuan, Department of Gastroenterology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
Lei Xin, Zhuan Liao, Zhao-Shen Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai 200433, China
Correspondence to: Professor Zhao-Shen Li, Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai 200433, China. zhaoshenli@hotmail.com
Received: August 19, 2010 Revised: September 24, 2010 Accepted: October 14, 2010 Published online: December 8, 2010
Capsule endoscopy (CE) has a battery life of 8 h, during which time complete small-bowel examination can be achieved in most cases. However, in 10-30% of cases, the capsule cannot reach the ileocecal valve before the end of the life of the capsule's battery due to factors other than mechanical bowel obstruction. Incomplete examination of the entire small bowel leaves room for missing lesions. Some studies have shown that diabetes mellitus can lead to gastroparesis and increase gastric transit time (GTT), while history of abdominal surgery can increase small bowel transit time (SBTT). Therefore, these two factors can decrease the rate of complete small-bowel examination by CE. Purgative bowel cleansing can improve the detectability and image quality of CE, but has no significant impact on GTT, SBTT and CR. Prokinetic drugs, real-time CE, right lateral position, and chewing-gum are all under research for increasing CR. In future studies, emphasis should be placed in improving the diagnostic ability of CR and ensuring optimal intervention for patients with high risk factors for incomplete small-bowel examination.
Key Words: Complete small-bowel examination; Capsule endoscopy; Gastric transit time; Small bowel transit time
Citation: Yuan JH, Xin L, Liao Z, Li ZS. Advances in complete small-bowel examination by capsule endoscopy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18(34): 3662-3666
胶囊内镜被动通过胃肠道, 其运行时间主要取决于胃肠道的运动能力. 胃排空过慢和/或小肠运动过慢是导致小肠检查不完全的主要因素. 胃运行时间(gastric transit time, GTT)和小肠运行时间(small bowel transit time, SBTT)可通过胶囊内镜软件直接得到, 常用做评价胃肠道运动能力的主要参数. Selby[5]的一项前瞻性研究表明, 小肠检查不完全患者的GTT和SBTT都明显长于CSE的患者(GTT: 114.9 min±32.6 min vs 26.6 min±2.9 min, P = 0.007; SBTT: 295.2 min±31.9 min vs 234.8 min±8.7 min; P = 0.003). Westerhof等[6]的研究中所有患者在胶囊内镜检查前接受泻药和促动力药等肠道准备, 结果也表明小肠检查不完全的患者其GTT显著长于CSE者(45 min vs 21 min, P = 0.005), 研究认为GTT>45 min是小肠检查不完全的独立危险因素. 目前研究认为糖尿病、住院、腹部手术史、肠道清洁度不理想等影响胃肠道运动能力, 是小肠检查不完全的高危因素.
1.1 住院
住院期间进行胶囊内镜检查是较早确定的小肠检查不完全的危险因素[7]. Ben-Soussan等[7]的这项研究纳入190例患者, 长期住院患者GTT显著高于检查当日住院和门诊检查两组患者(68.0 min vs 48.21 min, 33.34 min), CR也显著低于两者(65.5% vs 86%, 100%), 而SBTT则无显著差异(233.3 min vs 221.5 min, 212.3 min). 之后的两项研究也支持这一结论[8,9]. 有研究者认为这归因于住院患者运动受限, 胃肠动力较差[10].
1.2 糖尿病
糖尿病患者常发生胃排空延迟、甚至出现胃轻瘫, 后者常发生于病程>10年的患者, 一般同时伴有视网膜病变、神经病变和肾脏损伤[11]. 对糖尿病胃轻瘫的发病机制尚无明确结论, 一般认为与迷走神经病变、Cajal细胞病变和高血糖有关[12]. Triantafyllou等[13]纳入29例2型糖尿病患者和58例对照组患者, 门诊进行胶囊内镜检查, 结果表明糖尿病患者的GTT显著长于非糖尿病患者(87 min vs 24 min, P<0.001), 而CR则显著低于非糖尿病患者(69% vs 89.6%, P = 0.02). 能够CSE的16例糖尿病患者, 其SBTT显著低于对照组(261.2±55.5 min vs 302.0±62.7 min, P = 0.032). 进一步分析表明, 糖尿病患者的CR与GTT显著相关 , 随着GTT增加, CR降低. 但糖尿病病程长短与CR并无显著关联. 虽然Westerhof等[6]最近的研究显示糖尿病患者与非糖尿病患者的GTT与CR没有显著差异, 但是由于该研究纳入的患者在检查前服用促动力药, 且并未区分住院与否, 因此其临床意义有待进一步确定.
1.3 腹部手术史
接受腹部手术的患者由于腹膜粘连等原因, 常在术后较长时间内表现出胃肠道动力不足, 甚至发生肠梗阻[14]. 动物实验也证明, 腹部手术可以降低胃肠道运动能力[15,16]. Endo等[17]的研究纳入26例有腹部手术史的患者和52例对照患者. 两组的GTT无显著差异, 而腹部手术组SBTT高于对照组(338.3 min±119.2 min vs 266.4 min±110.8 min, P = 0.010), CR低于对照组(50.0% vs 80.8%, P = 0.005). Westerhof等[6]通过多变量回归分析表明既往小肠手术史是小肠检查不完全的重要危险因素(OR = 5.64).
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