修回日期: 2010-07-14
接受日期: 2010-07-21
在线出版日期: 2010-09-08
目的: 探讨酒精性脂肪性肝病(AFLD)与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的实验室指标的特点.
方法: 共1 203例健康体检者纳入本研究, 均接受腹部超声检查、血液常规检查和血液生化学检查. 超声诊断脂肪性肝病(FLD)509例, 男415例, 女94例; 非脂肪性肝病(NFLD)694例, 男446例, 女248例. 根据中国脂肪肝诊疗指南, 将509例FLD患者分为AFLD组与NAFLD组. 其中, AFLD组106例(男105例, 女1例), NAFLD组403例(男310例, 女93例).
结果: 与NFLD组相比, FLD组的平均年龄较低(P = 0.011)、BMI明显升高(P<0.001),白细胞(WBC)、红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、γ谷氨酰基转移酶(GGT)、白蛋白(ALB)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、尿酸(UA)(均P<0.001), 碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(TP)、AST/PLT、AST/ALT和GGT/PLT明显增高(P值分别为0.015、0.026、0.001、0.000和0.000), 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、AST/GGT和TBIL/GGT显著降低(均P<0.001). 与NAFLD组比较, AFLD组的平均年龄低(P<0.001), HGB、GGT、ALB、UA等显著升高(均P<0.001), TG、AST、RBC、ALT、AST/PLT、AST/ALT和GGT/PLT也高于NAFLD组(P值分别为0.007、0.005、0.011、0.027、0.012、0.014和0.002); 而UREA、AST/GGT和TBIL/GGT低于NAFLD组(均P<0.001).
结论: 血液常规和血清生化学检测不仅能够区分FLD和NFLD, 而且还能够区分AFLD或NAFLD.
引文著录: 谢大伟, 刘翠香, 王炳元, 孙福荣, 李金萍, 丁媛媛, 马力, 王振威, 刘畅. 酒精性脂肪性肝病与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的血液生化学检查特点. 世界华人消化杂志 2010; 18(25): 2654-2659
Revised: July 14, 2010
Accepted: July 21, 2010
Published online: September 8, 2010
AIM: To compare routine blood parameters and blood biochemical parameters between patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
METHODS: A total of 1 203 subjects, who underwent physical examination, including measurement of abdominal circumference and blood pressure, routine blood examination, biochemical examination and two-dimensional ultrasound, were included in this study. Of these subjects, 509 (415 men and 94 women) were diagnosed with fatty liver disease (FLD) and 694 (446 men and 248 women) without FLD by two-dimensional ultrasound. According to the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease, subjects with FLD were divided into two groups: AFLD group (n = 106, 105 men and 1 woman) and NAFLD group (n = 403, 310 men and 93 women).
RESULTS: Subjects with FLD had a younger mean age and a higher BMI than subjects without FLD (P = 0.011 and 0.000, respectively). WBC, RBC, HGB, ALT, AST, GGT, ALB, TG, TC, LDL-C, FBG, UA (P < 0.001 for all), ALP (P = 0.015), TP (P = 0.026), AST/PLT ratio (P = 0.001), AST/ALT ratio (P < 0.001), and GGT/PLT ratio (P < 0.001) were higher and HDL-C, AST/GGT ratio, and TBIL/GGT ratio (P < 0.001 for all) were lower in subjects with FLD than in those without FLD. Subjects with AFLD had a younger mean age (P < 0.001), a higher HGB, GGT, ALB, UA (P < 0.001 for all), TG, AST, RBC, ALT (P = 0.007, 0.005, 0.011 and 0.027, respectively), AST/PLT ratio, AST/ALT ratio, and GGT/PLT ratio (P = 0.012, 0.014 and 0.002, respectively), and a lower UREA, AST/GGT ratio and TBIL/GGT ratio (P < 0.001 for all) than those with NAFLD.
CONCLUSION: Routine blood examination and blood biochemical examination are useful in distinguishing patients with and without FLD as well as those with AFLD and NAFLD.
- Citation: Xie DW, Liu CX, Wang BY, Sun FR, Li JP, Ding YY, Ma L, Wang ZW, Liu C. Comparison of routine blood parameters and blood biochemical parameters between patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18(25): 2654-2659
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v18/i25/2654.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v18.i25.2654
脂肪性肝病(fatty liver disease, FLD)是一种常见病, 可分为酒精性脂肪性肝病(alcoholic fatty liver disease, AFLD)与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD), 尽管两者的自然病程有所不同, 但都可发展为终末期肝病, 包括肝炎、肝纤维化、肝硬化和肝癌[1,2]. AFLD是一个与饮酒相关、早期戒酒后可完全恢复的病理状态, 但长期饮酒或者短期内大量饮酒, 可导致酒精性肝炎和酒精性肝硬化等[3]; NAFLD以胰岛素抵抗为特征, 常导致糖脂代谢紊乱, 与代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome, MS)、糖尿病和心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)关系密切[4,5]. 关于AFLD和NAFLD发病机制的基础研究比较多; 而在临床工作中, 很多患者既具有AFLD的特点, 又具有NAFLD的表现, 很难对两者进行区分. 本研究通过对常用生化指标进行比较分析, 以期寻找简便易行的方法来区分两者.
本研究由中国医科大学附属第一医院医学伦理委员会审查通过, 并征得所有受试者的知情同意. 收集2009-04/2009-06在中国医科大学附属第一医院进行健康体检者的临床资料, 排除已知原因造成的肝损伤(包括病毒性肝炎、外伤)、恶性肿瘤、慢性胰腺炎、严重肾功损伤、急性感染、长期应用激素、确诊糖尿病和心血管疾病的受试者, 共1 203例纳入本研究.
所有研究对象均禁食水8 h以上后接受腹围及血压测量, 腹部超声检查(Agilent Image Point HX彩色多普勒超声诊断仪, 美国惠普公司)及血常规、肝功、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)、血脂、尿酸(uric acid, UA)、肾功、肝炎病毒标志物检查. 根据中华肝病学会脂肪肝和酒精性肝病学组制定的诊断标准[6,7], 经超声诊断为FLD患者509例, 其中男415例, 女94例; NFLD者694例, 其中男446例, 女248例. 根据上述诊断标准, 将509例FLD患者分为AFLD组和NAFLD组. AFLD组共106例, 男105例, 女1例; NAFLD组共403例, 男310例, 女93例.
统计学处理 采用SPSS12.0软件进行数据的统计学分析, 数据用mean±SD表示, 符合正态分布的数据, 组间比较采用t检验; 不符合正态分布的数据采用秩和(z)检验. P<0.05为差异有统计学意义.
除血小板(platelet, PLT)、总胆汁酸(total bile acid, TBA)和总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)、尿素(urea, UREA)和肌酐(creatinine, CR)之外, 年龄、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)和大部分生化指标在两组之间的差异均有统计学意义(表1).
FLD(n = 509) | NFLD(n = 694) | t/z值 | P值 | |
年龄(岁) | 51.7±12.2 | 53.6±13.8 | -2.544 | 0.011 |
BMI | 26.74±2.82 | 23.51±3.04 | 18.817 | 0.000 |
饮酒量(g/d) | 14.01±35.30 | 6.99±22.34 | 3.946 | 0.000 |
WBC(×109/L) | 6.67±1.63 | 6.07±1.42 | 6.557 | 0.000 |
RBC(×1012/L) | 5.01±0.43 | 4.75±0.45 | 10.305 | 0.000 |
HGB(g/L) | 150.39±12.57 | 142.46±14.84 | 10.018 | 0.000 |
PLT(×109/L) | 210.16±49.76 | 207.32±50.91 | 0.969 | 0.333 |
ALT(U/L) | 40.99±53.24 | 24.84±21.68 | 6.460 | 0.000 |
AST(U/L) | 28.94±22.65 | 23.66±12.61 | 4.746 | 0.000 |
ALP(U/L) | 75.49±21.10 | 72.49±21.14 | 2.436 | 0.015 |
GGT(U/L) | 53.84±77.59 | 29.49±33.45 | 6.642 | 0.000 |
TP(g/L) | 73.68±3.76 | 73.15±4.55 | 2.229 | 0.026 |
ALB(g/L) | 45.75±2.66 | 45.18±2.85 | 3.553 | 0.000 |
TBIL(μmol/L) | 13.11±5.53 | 12.98±5.34 | 0.429 | 0.668 |
TBA(μmol/L) | 4.73±4.05 | 4.36±3.76 | 1.596 | 0.111 |
UREA(mmol/L) | 5.48±1.31 | 5.53±1.87 | -0.539 | 0.590 |
CR(μmol/L) | 68.38±12.92 | 67.75±46.74 | 0.339 | 0.735 |
TG(mmol/L) | 2.31±1.83 | 1.39±1.01 | 10.190 | 0.000 |
TC(mmol/L) | 5.43±0.99 | 5.17±0.97 | 4.529 | 0.000 |
HDL-C(mmol/L) | 1.39±0.32 | 1.66±0.40 | -12.855 | 0.000 |
LDL-C(mmol/L) | 2.85±0.68 | 2.68±0.68 | 4.138 | 0.000 |
FBG(mmol/L) | 6.44±1.75 | 5.94±1.19 | 5.573 | 0.000 |
UA(μmol/L) | 368.15±84.74 | 322.67±78.51 | 9.487 | 0.000 |
年龄、红细胞(red blood cell, RBC)计数、血红蛋白(hemoglobin, HGB)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, GGT)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、UREA、三酰甘油(triglyceride, TG)、UA的组间差异具有统计学意义(表2).
AFLD(n = 106) | NAFLD(n = 403) | t/z值 | P值 | |
年龄(岁) | 44.9±8.7 | 53.5±12.3 | -8.237 | 0.000 |
BMI | 27.09±2.85 | 26.65±2.81 | 1.416 | 0.159 |
WBC(×109/L) | 6.55±1.62 | 6.70±1.64 | -0.801 | 0.424 |
RBC(×1012/L) | 5.11±0.43 | 4.98±0.42 | 2.574 | 0.011 |
HGB(g/L) | 155.65±11.59 | 149.01±12.46 | 5.165 | 0.000 |
PLT(×109/L) | 205.71±51.77 | 211.33±49.22 | -1.005 | 0.316 |
ALT(U/L) | 58.77±102.38 | 36.31±27.18 | 2.238 | 0.027 |
AST(U/L) | 38.25±42.21 | 26.49±12.41 | 2.835 | 0.005 |
ALP(U/L) | 74.98±19.98 | 75.62±21.41 | -0.290 | 0.772 |
GGT(U/L) | 93.21±140.09 | 43.49±44.33 | 3.607 | 0.000 |
TP(g/L) | 73.36±3.50 | 73.77±3.83 | -1.031 | 0.304 |
ALB(g/L) | 46.88±2.68 | 45.45±2.57 | 4.903 | 0.000 |
TBA(μmol/L) | 5.04±5.53 | 4.65±3.57 | 0.686 | 0.494 |
TBIL(μmol/L) | 14.17±7.06 | 12.83±5.02 | 1.833 | 0.069 |
UREA(mmol/L) | 5.08±1.12 | 5.59±1.34 | -4.024 | 0.000 |
CR(μmol/L) | 68.69±8.94 | 68.30±13.78 | 0.355 | 0.722 |
TG(mmol/L) | 2.74±1.84 | 2.19±1.81 | 2.754 | 0.007 |
TC(mmol/L) | 5.48±1.08 | 5.42±0.97 | 0.488 | 0.626 |
HDL-C(mmol/L) | 1.35±0.32 | 1.40±0.32 | -1.601 | 0.111 |
LDL-C(mmol/L) | 2.83±0.75 | 2.85±0.67 | -0.313 | 0.754 |
FBG(mmol/L) | 6.48±1.63 | 6.43±1.78 | 0.299 | 0.765 |
UA(μmol/L) | 397.38±86.43 | 360.47±82.70 | 3.946 | 0.000 |
AST、PLT、ALT、GGT和TBIL, 计算两两指标间的比值见表3.
FLD(n = 509) | NFLD(n = 694) | t值 | P值 | |
AST/PLT | 0.150±0.175 | 0.123±0.086 | -3.195 | 0.001 |
AST/ALT | 0.835±0.332 | 0.709±0.399 | 11.993 | 0.000 |
AST/GGT | 0.806±0.441 | 1.128±0.612 | 10.598 | 0.000 |
GGT/PLT | 0.282±0.527 | 0.152±0.181 | -5.343 | 0.000 |
TBIL/GGT | 0.416±0.285 | 0.660±0.446 | 11.550 | 0.000 |
计算AST、PLT、ALT、GGT和TBIL两两比较的比值见表4.
AFLD(n = 106) | NAFLD(n = 403) | t值 | P值 | |
AST/PLT | 0.220±0.354 | 0.132±0.068 | 2.571 | 0.012 |
AST/ALT | 0.854±0.327 | 0.762±0.342 | 2.483 | 0.014 |
AST/GGT | 0.618±0.363 | 0.856±0.446 | -5.724 | 0.000 |
GGT/PLT | 0.527±1.022 | 0.217±0.240 | 3.101 | 0.002 |
TBIL/GGT | 0.293±0.235 | 0.449±0.288 | -5.784 | 0.000 |
流行病学研究显示, FLD的主要危险因素包括性别、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、饮酒等[8,9]. 国内的一些大样本流行病学调查发现, 我国成人的FLD发病率有增高趋势[10-12]. 而且低龄化的肥胖趋势也逐渐受到重视[13]. 值得注意的是FLD人群的平均年龄. 有研究指出, FLD的发病率并不与年龄呈直线相关, 50岁左右是发病率较高的人群[11]. 本研究也可看出FLD组的平均年龄正位于这一年龄段, 而且BMI和平均每日酒精消耗量明显高于NFLD组. 说明FLD趋于年轻化, 体质量增加和大量饮酒可能促进FLD的发生发展.
由于FLD所致的终末期肝病的发病率相对较低, 缺乏有效的诊断和判断FLD程度的生化指标, 加之人们对FLD的认识存在诸多误区, 使得FLD未受到应有的重视. 因此, 寻找有效的、简单易行的诊断方法显得尤为重要. 血常规是我们临床常用的检验项目, 我们曾对8 842名普通人群进行研究, 发现FLD组的WBC计数、RBC计数、HGB浓度等均显著高于NFLD组(P<0.001)[14]. 也有研究发现NAFLD患者的WBC计数较健康对照者明显升高[15]. 我们此次研究也得到类似结果, 说明上述指标在区分FLD与NFLD中具有一定的稳定性, 尽管机制不十分清楚, 但为诊断FLD提供了重要参考.
众多研究发现FLD患者存在血脂异常, 常常可见TC、TG、LDL-C浓度升高, HDL-C浓度降低[16,17]. 本次研究也有同样的结论. 我们以往研究发现TG异常者患FLD的危险性最大, 是TG正常者的4.7倍(95%CI: 3.7-6.0); HDL-C作为FLD保护因素之一, 其血浆浓度降低能将FLD患病的危险性增加2.9倍(95%CI: 2.1-3.9)[5]. 另外, FLD患者的FBG、ALT、AST、ALP和GGT的浓度也高于NFLD组. 提示肝脏脂肪变已经影响了肝脏对脂类和葡萄糖的代谢过程, 并造成肝脏自身的损伤. 但是肾脏功能尚未发生异常改变.
随着社会交往的增加和形式的多样化, 人们接触酒精的机会也逐渐增加, 同时, 人们对酒精的认识也不断变化. 一些关于饮酒与CVD呈负相关的研究报道, 如法国的"奇异现象"和饮酒可改善胰岛素抵抗的研究等[18-20], 使得人们过分关注饮酒所带来的益处, 而忽略了饮酒所引发的问题. 例如, 长期大量饮酒导致酒精性肝硬化的发病率逐年增加, 病毒性肝炎患者合并饮酒或酗酒增加肝癌的发病风险[21]. AFLD与NAFLD同属于FLD, 两者即存在共同之处, 又各有特点: AFLD以饮酒造成肝脂肪变为基础; NAFLD以代谢因素(如肠道菌群失调、内毒素血症[22,23])为基础, 与体内激素水平和药物等因素有关, 是MS的组分、CVD的基础. 两者治疗方法和预后也存在差异[24]. 因此, 两者的鉴别尤为重要.
AFLD的平均年龄明显低于NAFLD, 考虑与该人群接触酒精机会更大有关. BMI被认为是判断NAFLD的重要指标[13]. 但是现在人们接触酒精的机会普遍增加, 饮酒方式和酒的种类与以往有很大不同, 以至于BMI增高在AFLD患者中很常见. 因此, 不能仅依据BMI来区分AFLD和NAFLD, 更重要的是结合饮酒史(如饮酒种类、饮酒量、饮酒年限等)、临床表现、生命体征和生化检查来区分两者.
需要注意, 长期大量饮酒或酗酒也可以激活P450ⅡE1, 进而导致糖脂代谢紊乱, 并发展为糖尿病和CVD[25]. 因为酒精影响嘌呤代谢, 不仅加重氧化应激, 还使得血中尿酸水平升高, 所以AFLD患者UA的增加远高于NAFLD患者.
肝脏酶学水平是评价肝脏功能的重要指标. AFLD和NAFLD都可以造成肝损伤, 使肝酶水平升高, 尤以AFLD显著, 说明AFLD更容易损伤肝细胞. 其中, AST和GGT升高可见于酒精性肝病各个阶段, 是与NAFLD鉴别的重要指标[26]. 除了上述生化指标在肝脏病中的应用外, 一些生化指标的比值(如AST/PLT、AST/ALT、AST/GGT、GGT/PLT、TBIL/GGT等)也被用来判断各种肝病病程中肝脏炎症、纤维化程度[3,27-30]. 瑞士学者发现, 大量饮酒而未出现严重肝损伤时AST/ALT<1, 而诊断为酒精性肝病的患者AST/ALT>1[31].
简单的血液常规和血清生化学检测不仅能够区分FLD和NFLD, 而且在AFLD和NAFLD患者中的分布也独具特点, 对临床的诊断可能有重要的参考, 但还需要大样本加以验证和探讨.
随着人们生活水平的提高, 酒精性脂肪性肝病与非酒精性脂肪性肝病已成为多发病及常见病, 且发病率呈逐年上升趋势. 两者的进展和预后有很大的差异, 前者是导致肝硬化的主要病因, 而后者主要与心脑血管疾病密切相关. 简单而实用的常规方法若能对两者进行鉴别, 及时有效地进行预防和治疗不同病因的脂肪肝具有重要的临床意义.
迟宝荣, 教授, 吉林大学第一医院消化内科
酒精性脂肪肝的发病机制主要是酒精及其代谢产物对包括肝脏在内的多脏器损伤, 以及酒精"能量耗竭"导致的营养状态低下; 非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病机制主要与代谢综合征(MS)有关, 饮酒可能是MS诱发或加重因素. 如何判断饮酒者造成何种肝脏损伤, 尚无良好的研究.
国内叶柱均等研究的结果显示, 非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者血脂和血糖升高的比率明显高于酒精性脂肪性肝病.
酒精性脂肪肝病和非酒精性脂肪肝病已经超过病毒性肝炎的发病率, 探讨两者之间的鉴别对患者的诊断、治疗及药物研发均有重大的意义.
本研究样本量较大, 研究方法得当, 结果结论较可信, 文章的科学性、创新性和可读性很好地反映我国该领域研究的先进水平.
编辑:李军亮 电编:何基才
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