This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Xiao-Guang Lv, Wei-Guo Dong, Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China
Correspondence to: Professor Wei-Guo Dong, Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, China. dongwg66@yahoo.com.cn
Received: April 21, 2010 Revised: June 10, 2010 Accepted: June 22, 2010 Published online: July 18, 2010
Tumor can be regarded as an "evolutionary]system. As biological individuals within an ecosystem, tumor cells have to undergo natural (artificial) selection, compete for space and resources, evade the immune system, and even "collaborate]with each other to disseminate and metastasize. Much research on tumor evolution has been performed in an interdisciplinary manner.
Anderson AR, Weaver AM, Cummings PT, Quaranta V. Tumor morphology and phenotypic evolution driven by selective pressure from the microenvironment.Cell. 2006;127:905-915.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Shah SP, Morin RD, Khattra J, Prentice L, Pugh T, Burleigh A, Delaney A, Gelmon K, Guliany R, Senz J. Mutational evolution in a lobular breast tumour profiled at single nucleotide resolution.Nature. 2009;461:809-813.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Brock A, Chang H, Huang S. Non-genetic heterogeneity--a mutation-independent driving force for the somatic evolution of tumours.Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10:336-342.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Roth MJ, Hu N, Emmert-Buck MR, Wang QH, Dawsey SM, Li G, Guo WJ, Zhang YZ, Taylor PR. Genetic progression and heterogeneity associated with the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.Cancer Res. 2001;61:4098-4104.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Stoler DL, Chen N, Basik M, Kahlenberg MS, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Petrelli NJ, Anderson GR. The onset and extent of genomic instability in sporadic colorectal tumor progression.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:15121-15126.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Maley CC, Galipeau PC, Li X, Sanchez CA, Paulson TG, Reid BJ. Selectively advantageous mutations and hitchhikers in neoplasms: p16 lesions are selected in Barrett's esophagus.Cancer Res. 2004;64:3414-3427.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kobayashi S, Boggon TJ, Dayaram T, Jänne PA, Kocher O, Meyerson M, Johnson BE, Eck MJ, Tenen DG, Halmos B. EGFR mutation and resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib.N Engl J Med. 2005;352:786-792.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Gorre ME, Mohammed M, Ellwood K, Hsu N, Paquette R, Rao PN, Sawyers CL. Clinical resistance to STI-571 cancer therapy caused by BCR-ABL gene mutation or amplification.Science. 2001;293:876-880.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Wang TL, Diaz LA Jr, Romans K, Bardelli A, Saha S, Galizia G, Choti M, Donehower R, Parmigiani G, Shih IeM, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C, Velculescu VE. Digital karyotyping identifies thymidylate synthase amplification as a mechanism of resistance to 5-fluorouracil in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:3089-3094.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Roche-Lestienne C, Preudhomme C. Mutations in the ABL kinase domain pre-exist the onset of imatinib treatment.Semin Hematol. 2003;40:80-82.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Suiter AM, Bänziger O, Dean AM. Fitness consequences of a regulatory polymorphism in a seasonal environment.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:12782-12786.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kim JJ, Tannock IF. Repopulation of cancer cells during therapy: an important cause of treatment failure.Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:516-525.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kern W, Estey EH. High-dose cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: Review of three randomized trials.Cancer. 2006;107:116-124.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Miller BE, Miller FR, Leith J, Heppner GH. Growth interaction in vivo between tumor subpopulations derived from a single mouse mammary tumor.Cancer Res. 1980;40:3977-3981.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Gatenby RA, Vincent TL. Application of quantitative models from population biology and evolutionary game theory to tumor therapeutic strategies.Mol Cancer Ther. 2003;2:919-927.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Bach LA, Bentzen SM, Alsner J, Christiansen FB. An evolutionary-game model of tumour-cell interactions: possible relevance to gene therapy.Eur J Cancer. 2001;37:2116-2120.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Fukino K, Shen L, Matsumoto S, Morrison CD, Mutter GL, Eng C. Combined total genome loss of heterozygosity scan of breast cancer stroma and epithelium reveals multiplicity of stromal targets.Cancer Res. 2004;64:7231-7236.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Mintz B, Illmensee K. Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975;72:3585-3589.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kuperwasser C, Chavarria T, Wu M, Magrane G, Gray JW, Carey L, Richardson A, Weinberg RA. Reconstruction of functionally normal and malignant human breast tissues in mice.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:4966-4971.
[PubMed] [DOI]