修回日期: 2010-04-17
接受日期: 2010-04-20
在线出版日期: 2010-05-08
肝癌转移是一个多步骤、多因素相互作用的复杂过程. 在肝癌转移复发的蛋白质组学研究方面, 发现了很多新的潜在蛋白质分子标志物. 由于仅用单个指标是无法进行准确预测的, 采用多个指标进行联合检测将是今后肝癌转移预测的研究方向. 本文综述了所涉及肝癌转移复发早诊的新型分子标志物.
引文著录: 舒宏, 康晓楠, 刘银坤. 肝癌转移、复发预测的蛋白质分子标志物. 世界华人消化杂志 2010; 18(13): 1350-1355
Revised: April 17, 2010
Accepted: April 20, 2010
Published online: May 8, 2010
The metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has long been recognized as a multi-step process that involves multiple factors. Instead of diagnostic models based on single-molecule detection, the combination of multiple molecules will be the trend for early tumor diagnosis or prediction of tumor metastasis and recurrence. Many differentially expressed metastasis-associated genes and proteins have been reported in HCC. This article gives an overview of protein biomarkers for prediction of HCC metastasis and recurrence.
- Citation: Shu H, Kang XN, Liu YK. Biomarkers for prediction of metastasis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18(13): 1350-1355
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v18/i13/1350.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v18.i13.1350
肿瘤转移复发与基因表达的调控, 关键基因的突变, 如P53, nm23-H1[1]和β-catenin[2], 细胞周期的异常, 缺氧, 微环境的改变和神经内分泌系统的紊乱等因素引发的信号传导如WNT、NF-κB等相关, 是一个仍然需要深入研究的复杂的病理过程. 肝癌根治性切除术后5年内仍有60%-70%的患者出现转移复发, 复发性肝癌的早期诊断和可能的化学干预是提高患者长期生存率的关键之一, 术后随访、定期复查必不可少. 目前临床上首推方法是B超和定期甲胎蛋白(α-fetoprotein, AFP)及甲胎蛋白异质体(lectinreactive alpha-fetoprotein, AFP-L3)[3,4]检测, 但诊断与预测的准确性不高, 临床尚迫切需要一些生物学预后指标来监测肝癌患者术后转移复发的可能. 较早报道的预测指标, 除了临床和病理指标外, 还有一些细胞水平的指标. 近年来, 多集中在蛋白分子指标方面. 本文对与HCC转移复发相关的蛋白分子进行总结.
在肿瘤侵袭转移过程中, 肿瘤细胞先对细胞外基质进行降解, 才能穿过基底膜侵入周围组织. 尿激酶性纤溶酶原激活剂(urokinase-type plasminogen activator, uPA)及其受体uPA-R与抑制剂纤维蛋白溶酶原活化抑制剂(plasminogen activation inhibitor, PAI)是丝氨酸蛋白酶类, uPA在HCC中过表达及PAI-1血浆中水平增高, 尤其在有门静脉癌栓、侵袭转移的肝癌中[5,6]; 金属基质蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinase, MMP), MMP-2和MMP-9与肿瘤侵袭转移关系最密切[7], 以上蛋白水解酶均与肝癌侵袭性呈正相关. 其中, uPA是影响肝癌侵袭的最敏感的因素, 是肝癌复发的一个较强的预测指标[8], 超过0.70 μg/L, 肝癌可能复发.
Orimo等[9]采用2D-DIGE定量蛋白质组学方法, 从45例外科手术组织(包括11例癌旁组织, 27例分化程度不同的肝癌和7例正常)中筛选出26个差异蛋白, 其中APC结合EB1蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli-end-binding protein 1, EB1)受转录因子c-Myc, RhoA和CDC42等调控, 蛋白表达与低分化肝癌紧密关联, 差异分析显示EB1可作为干细胞癌预后判断的指标之一.
Bai等[10]等通过LCM结合定量蛋白质组学, 筛查出肝癌肝移植术后转移复发相关蛋白Capn4, 是巯基蛋白酶家族Calpain中的28 kDa调节性亚基, Capn4蛋白的表达增加可减少细胞分泌MMP-2, 减少Talin的降解, 抑制FAK的磷酸化, 影响黏着斑的分解和细胞迁移运动, 从而抑制了肝癌细胞的体内外的侵袭和转移. Aurora-B是一种中心体上的功能性激酶, 又称为染色质过客蛋白激酶, 属于Aurora激酶家族成员, 己被证明是一种癌蛋白. 有研究结合临床显示AURKB-Sv2(Aurora B splicing variant 2)[11,12]的表达初步反映肿瘤的早晚程度, 与肝癌的复发率及生存率存在一定关系(表1).
分类 | 蛋白分子 | 方法 | 参考文献 |
单一分子 | |||
催化酶类 | uPA, uPA-R, PAI-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, APC-EB1, Capn4, Aurora-B | IHC, ELISA, LCM-ICAT, WB, LCM-DIGE, TMA, qRT-PCR | [5-12] |
细胞因子, 黏附分子和白细胞分化抗原 | VEGF, TGF-β, MTA, OPN, TIP30, CK-19, CD24 | ELISA, IHC, TMA, 2-DE-MALDI, RT-PCR, WB | [13-27] |
热休克蛋白家族 | HSP27, HSPA9 | 2-DE-MALDI, WB, IP | [28-32] |
其他 | IMP3, XIAP, KIAA0101, ASPM | RT-PCR, IHC | [33-36] |
多分子联合 | HKII/ALDOB | RT-PCR | [37] |
GGT/ALT | ELISA | [38] | |
M-CSF, M | TMA | [39] | |
MMP/TIMP | IHC | [40] | |
CK-10, CK-19 | IF, IHC, WB, qRT-PCR | [41] | |
OPN, CD44 | TMA | [42] | |
E-cad, Cx43, CD44v6 | D-IF, CLSM | [43] | |
Op18/stathmin, P53, OPN | IHC | [44] | |
PCNA, VEGF | IHC | [45] | |
PCNA, P53, VEGF | IHC | [46] | |
CD151/c-Met | qRT-PCR, WB, IHC, CLSM, TMA | [47] |
肿瘤的侵袭转移中, 血管生成有重要的作用. 参与调解血管生成的重要因素是血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF). 研究发现肿瘤直径>5 cm、有癌栓或镜下癌栓的患者体内水平较高[13], 血清VEGF水平明显升高(>400 ng/L)及术后仍维持在高水平或再度升高者的HCC患者转移复发率明显升高[14]. 近年来, Sorafenib等分子靶向药物的研究日益增多, 可抑制肝癌细胞VEGF受体活性, 提示VEGF受体是抗肿瘤复发目标位点. Wang等[15]实验结果显示, Sorafenib联合雷帕霉素能抑制裸鼠模型中肝癌的生长和转移. 转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)在肝癌中呈过度表达状态, 抑制免疫系统, 促进癌细胞生长、浸润、远处转移[16]. 肝癌衍生的TGF-β1[17]作为化学诱导剂使内皮细胞表达CD105增高, 促使血管生成, 通过促进已停止增殖的内皮细胞分化, 或促进基质的分化, 刺激血管生成.
转移相关基因(metastasis-associated gene, MTA)蛋白[18,19]是ATP依赖的核小体重建和组蛋白去乙酰化核小体复合物(NuRD)的组成部分, 与肝癌的侵袭和转移过程密切相关. 表现在细胞间黏附力的下降, 黏附分子、细胞骨架蛋白的表达及新生血管、淋巴管的形成等. MTA1调节HIF-1α去乙酰化, 促发肝癌血管生成. 并且MTA1在c-MYC介导的细胞转化中起重要的作用, MTA1和MTA2介导肿瘤抑制基因P53蛋白去乙酰化和失活. MTA3作为上皮间质转变的调节子会引起细胞黏附分子E-cadherin表达.
骨桥蛋白(osteopontin, OPN)[20-22]是肿瘤转移复发环节中发现的最重要的蛋白, 患者血浆骨桥蛋白浓度与肝癌预后呈负相关. 主要表现在促进细胞黏附、迁移, 降解细胞外基质, 促进肿瘤血管生成. Ets-1和AP-1的协同效应抑制OPN的转录, TIP30的异位表达最终导致癌细胞的侵袭下降[23]. 细胞角蛋白亚类(CK 8/18/19/20)不仅与转移有关, 而且与转移潜能的高低有关. 用蛋白质组技术[24,25]比较高低转移潜能肝癌细胞系, 发现CK19蛋白与高转移潜能有关, CK19表达高者, 门静脉癌栓发生率高, 肝癌肝移植术后复发率明显高于CK-19表达阴性. CD24与肿瘤侵袭转移有关, 最近研究表明CD24[26,27]的过表达使肝癌的侵袭能力增高, 转移潜能增强、增殖能力增加, 与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关, 可以作为肝癌患者术后预后不良的一个新标志物(表1).
用蛋白质组技术发现热休克蛋白27(heat shock protein 27, HSP27)[28,29]也是人肝癌转移相关的重要蛋白, 有转移的肝癌过度表达HSP27. Guo等[30,31]对其作用机制研究表明, 发现PKCβ-ERK-HSP27/PKCβ-p38MAPK-HSP27通路, 揭示HSP27通过IKKβ及IκBα成分的相互作用及影响IKK复合物的稳定性, 参与NF-κB途径的激活, 抑制肝癌细胞的凋亡, 从而参与肝癌细胞侵袭转移.
Yi等[32]应用双向电泳技术发现肝癌组织中HSPA9基因编码的致死蛋白(mortalin), 他是HSP70家族成员, 主要通过结合各种因子而发挥作用, 如P53、FGF-1、IL-1R1和GRP94等. Mortalin通过与野生型p53共区域化来发挥抑癌基因的胞质固定和转录失活作用. 肝癌高转移细胞株中mortalin表达量也明显增高, 早期复发肝癌患者的表达量明显增高, 并且与肿瘤的发生、恶化和侵袭转移密切相关相关. 因此认为mortalin可以作为监测肝癌早期复发的一个候选标志物(表1).
胰岛素样生长因子2 mRNA结合蛋白3(insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3, IMP3)的表达与P53突变相关[33], 与β-catenin突变无关. 在肝癌细胞中的运动、侵袭以及迁移到内皮, 能促进细胞黏附和树突状伪足形成, 表明IMP3与早期预测肝癌复发、肝癌分期有关. X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(X-linked inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein, XIAP)[34], 是IAP家族中最有效力的caspase抑制物, 介导TAB1-TAK1-JNK1级联反应途径, 血管内皮受损时可诱导NF-κB的活化, 发挥凋亡抑制作用. 在临床90%的肝癌患者中高表达, 可能作为靶分子可减少肝癌转移复发. KIAA0101[35]包含增殖细胞核抗原PCNA结合基序, 研究表明可以促进了肝癌转移潜能, 可以早期预测肝癌复发和预后. ASPM[36](abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated)基因定位于中心体, 纺锤体极, 中间体, 过表达多与肝癌病理的晚期有关, 也与肝癌侵袭转移潜能有关(表1).
缺氧可诱导HIF-1α通过Mdm2(murine double minute 22)引起细胞p53表达上调, p53增高后可进一步启动p21Cipl基因转录. 同时, HIF-1α可诱导HIKK表达增加, 提示肝癌细胞在缺氧情况下HIF-lα能介导糖酵解增强的其中一个途径是刺激HKⅡ表达增加. 研究发现己糖激酶Ⅱ(type Ⅱ hexokinase, HKⅡ)表达增加和醛缩酶B(aldolase B, ALDOB)[37]表达下降对中晚期肝癌早期复发有预测意义. γ-谷氨酰转移酶Ⅱ(γ-glutamyltransferase Ⅱ, GGTⅡ)正常人血清内GGT主要来自肝脏, 在转移的肝肿瘤中, 唾液酸含量发生改变, GGT的β1, 6 GlcNAc支链增多. 最近有报道称[38]GGT/ALT比值升高对肝癌child A肝切除患者的预后相关, 在GGT和ALT联合诊断研究显示, 确定肝癌复发率和生存率AUCGGT/ALT面积均超过AUCAFP.
Zhu等[39]研究发现巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(macrophage colony-stimulating factors, M-CSF)和巨噬细胞(Mφ)在癌旁组织中有高密度表达, 并且M-CSF和Mφ联合诊断肝癌患者的复发和死亡效果是最佳的, ROC面积均大于传统依据的UICC TNM分级诊断, 与肝癌发展以及肝切除后的复发生存相关.
组织金属蛋白酶抑制物(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, TIMP)能抑制MMP的活性, MMP上调联合TIMP下调可能具有更好的预示肝癌转移复发的作用[40]. 最近报道表明, CK-10联合CK-19[41]可作为肝癌切除术后复发的预测分子. OPN除与整合素结合外, 羧基端可以和黏附分子CD44相互作用, 能引起CD44依赖的化学趋化性增高. CD44被认为是一种假定的OPN受体, 存在于肿瘤相关淋巴细胞表面, OPN与CD44[42]联合能够预测肝癌的转移复发及其预后. 上皮型钙黏附蛋白(E-cad)、连接蛋白43(Cx43)的低表达与CD44v6的高表达[43]可能参与HCC的侵袭, 尤其是CD44v6的表达还与HCC的组织学分级相关. 三者联合检测对判断HCC的诊断和预后有一定价值.
有报道称[44], Op18/stathmin的过表达, P53突变和OPN高表达的联合应用, 更加有助于对肝癌进展, 早期复发和预后的监测, 对肝癌发病机制研究也具有应用前景. 增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、VEGF单独应用, 肝癌术后生存率均差. VEGF预测术后1、2年复发的特异度为70.6%和77%, PCNA预测1、2年复发的特异度为51.5%和55.7%. 联合应用两个指标预测1、2年复发特异度为87.7%和90.2%, 高于单个指标(P<0.001)[45]. PCNA高指数标记, P53核内聚集和VEGF高表达均与肝癌患者预后差相关[46]. 四跨膜蛋白CD151和c-Met在肝癌中过表达[47], HGF/c-Met信号转导与其他信号间的交互作用中扮演重要的角色, CD151可与c-Met形成功能复合物, 与肝癌侵袭密切相关, 两者联合可以作为肝癌切除术后预测分子, 也可能成为抑制HGF/c-Met信号的全新靶点(表1).
要解决肝癌的转移复发, 重点是要有有效的预测和有效的预防. 近年来, 肿瘤转移机制的研究进展提示转移可能是肿瘤发生中的早期事件[48]. 除了通过高通量蛋白芯片和蛋白质组学等技术, 获得了一些高复发肝癌的分子标签, 在新的肝癌转移复发标志物的研究方面已经有较大的进展. 建立肝癌转移的多分子预测模型, 经大量临床标本进一步验证, 尤其是前瞻性规模化验证和加速临床应用将是今后的主要的趋势和研究重点, 对具有转移复发倾向的肝癌患者进行有效干预, 对进一步提高肝癌患者的治疗效果、改善预后具有非常重要的临床意义.
肝癌根治性切除后5年生存率可达40%以上, 但术后高转移复发率(5年复发率达70%, 小肝癌也达50%)已成为进一步提高远期疗效的瓶颈, 也是攻克肝癌的关键, 临床尚迫切需要一些生物学预后指标来监测肝癌患者术后转移的复发.
刘正稳, 教授, 西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院感染科; 范学工, 教授, 中南大学湘雅医院感染病科.
探讨肝癌转移复发的分子机制, 寻找早期诊断肝癌、预测转移的生物标志和干预治疗的靶点, 已成为当今肝癌研究的热点.
Bai等对接受肝移植术的肝细胞癌患者进行跟踪随访, 随访的患者包括有肝癌复发者和未复发者. 通过LCM结合定量蛋白质组学, 筛查出149种蛋白, 其中钙蛋白酶小亚基1(Capn4)在肝移植后的复发患者中的表达量较高, 他作为一种与多种癌细胞转移扩散相关蛋白有相互作用的蛋白, 可作为预测肝细胞癌患者预后情况(复发和存活时间)的一个独立指标.
本文对肝癌转移复发相关的多种蛋白质分子标志物进行了综述, 对了解这方面的研究现状具有一定参考价值.
编辑: 李军亮 电编: 吴鹏朕
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