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Advance in enteric epithelial barrier and inflammatory bowel disease
Xin-Ying He, Zhi-Peng Tang, Ya-Li Zhang
Xin-Ying He, Zhi-Peng Tang, Ya-Li Zhang, Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Digestive Diseases of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
Supported by: the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project, No. J50305-6.
Correspondence to: Zhi-Peng Tang, Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Universityof Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China. zhipengtang@sohu.com
Received: July 23, 2008 Revised: September 15, 2008 Accepted: September 17, 2008 Published online: October 18, 2008
Enteric epithelial barrier injury is a new field of the study on the cellular and molecular pathegenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in recent years. The enteric epithelial barrier is one of the most important line of defense. Once the enteric epithelial barrier, one of the most important defense line in intestinal mucosa, is damaged, the permeability of enteric epithelium will increase, which is significantly involved in the genesis of IBD. At present, most researches mainly concentrate on the changes of intestinal epithelial cells and the structure and function of intercellular tight junction. Maintenance and repair of enteric epithelial barrier may be the ideal strategy for IBD therapy.
已经发现多种因素可以影响细胞骨架功能, 破坏肠上皮屏障的结构完整性[4-5]. 例如氧化剂[6]或乙醇[7-8]使微管破坏, 可以引起单层细胞屏障的破坏. Soderholm et al[9]研究认为, 克罗恩病患者非炎症远端回肠的细胞间紧密连接在受到腔内抗原刺激后, 使其细胞骨架受损, 因此, 即使不存在活动性炎症或无紧密联接蛋白结构的受损, 其屏障功能也可能失调, 而且这些因素可能是通透性损伤的原发因素. 肌动蛋白在肠道屏障完整性和调节肠道紧密连接中也发挥重要作用, 肠上皮屏障功能失调也与氧化剂诱导的肌动蛋白损害有关. Schwarz et al[10]用小鼠和肠上皮单层细胞模型来评价与糖蛋白D竞争疱疹病毒进入T细胞的类淋巴毒素诱导蛋白(lymphotoxin-like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry on T cells)对肠黏膜屏障、细胞骨架作用及对紧密连接蛋白结构的影响, 结果显示淋巴毒素诱导蛋白通过破坏细胞骨架的肌动蛋白而影响肠上皮屏障作用. 提示细胞骨架的改变可以增加发生IBD的几率.
2.2 肠上皮细胞凋亡与IBD
肠上皮细胞为单层柱状上皮细胞, 是抵抗细菌、病毒侵袭及食物抗原侵入的第一道防线, 维持其完整性至关重要. 正常情况下, 肠上皮细胞每3-5天更新1次, 细胞凋亡参与该过程. 如果肠上皮细胞的生理性增殖或凋亡发生改变, 炎症因子等就可通过跨上皮途径, 破坏肠上皮屏障功能. 目前认为肠上皮细胞凋亡失调可能是IBD发生及发展的重要原因之一. Iwamoto et al[11]认为正常的结肠细胞凋亡主要发生在肠腔上皮细胞, 而活动期溃疡性结肠炎除肠腔上皮细胞外, 病变处及邻近的非病变处隐窝上皮细胞凋亡也增加, 由上皮细胞构成的屏障被破坏, 因而导致结肠黏膜的损伤. Strater et al[12]研究认为, 导致这种大量细胞凋亡的发生是通过激活Fas/FasL信号转导途径介导的. Yukawa et al[13]发现, 活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者血清sFas浓度显著低于缓解期患者及对照组, 活动期溃疡性结肠炎患者结肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡数是对照组的32倍, 而FasL阳性淋巴细胞是对照组的2.8倍, 血清sFas与肠黏膜上皮细胞凋亡之间有着密切关系. Farrace et al认为随着结肠炎症程度加重, 结肠隐窝上皮细胞凋亡率随之增加, 并且FasR/FasL和P53的表达水平也升高[14].
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