修回日期: 2007-11-02
接受日期: 2007-11-28
在线出版日期: 2007-12-08
骨髓间充质干细胞是一种多能干细胞, 具有分化成肝细胞的潜力. 近年研究表明, 骨髓间充质干细胞还具有很强的抗肝纤维化的作用, 并且不发生同种异体移植排斥反应, 这为肝纤维化、肝硬化的治疗带来了新的策略.
引文著录: 胡国华, 沈来根. 骨髓间充质干细胞治疗肝纤维化的研究进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2007; 15(34): 3587-3591
Revised: November 2, 2007
Accepted: November 28, 2007
Published online: December 8, 2007
Mesenchymal stem cells, a type of multipotent stem cells, can differentiate into heptocytes. Recently, more and more studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells are anti-fibrotic and immune-tolerant when transplanted into liver fibrosis models, which brings about a new treatment strategy for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
- Citation: Hu GH, Shen LG. Progress in research of treatment of liver fibrosis with mesenchymal stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15(34): 3587-3591
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v15/i34/3587.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v15.i34.3587
肝纤维化、肝硬化是多种慢性肝脏疾病的终末期病理表现, 目前传统的治疗手段难以从根本上修复肝脏的不可逆变化[1-3]. 肝脏原位移植是治疗各种终末期肝病的有效方法, 但是由于供体来源不足、操作复杂、移植后免疫排斥、治疗费用昂贵等问题, 限制了临床肝移植的发展[4-5]. 随着细胞移植技术的成熟, 肝细胞移植治疗有望从根本上治疗肝脏疾病. 而干细胞方面的研究为解决肝细胞来源问题带来了希望.
间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)是一类具有自我增殖和分化潜能的多能干细胞. 由于骨髓来源的间充质干细胞易于取材, 未涉及伦理, 而被广泛应用于实验研究[6-10]. 现将骨髓来源的间充质干细胞(MSCs)治疗肝纤维化的实验进展及机制研究作一综述.
现在认为骨髓含有多种干细胞、祖细胞, 包括造血干细胞和间充质干细胞. 早期实验报道造血干细胞能高效植入肝脏, 并分化为肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞, 但最近发现这种现象发生几率很低. 核酸水平研究显示造血干细胞只表达少量肝细胞mRNA, 并不能高效地向肝细胞分化[11]. 而注入体内的MSCs则可广泛分布于肝脏、骨髓、脂肪组织等, 并且可特异地分化成相应的组织细胞[12-13]. MSCs不仅能分化成中胚层组织, 而且越来越多的体内外实验表明MSCs也向功能性肝细胞(非中胚层组织)"横向分化"[14-16]. 这种定位特性和分化潜力为MSCs局部治疗肝脏疾病提供了可行性.
通过骨髓MSCs体外培养和体内移植, 外源性的MSCs可替代机体骨髓的MSCs的一部分, 进入正常的生物循环, 并且能掺入肝脏组织向该组织细胞分化[14-18]. 这为MSCs细胞治疗和基因治疗肝纤维化提供了细胞基础.
Peterson et al[16]用大鼠先后做了三个用不同细胞标记、性别交叉的骨髓移植实验, 证实移植的大鼠骨髓干细胞能够迁移到受损的肝脏组织中, 并能向肝脏实质细胞分化. 但Peterson所用干细胞并未明确为MSCs. Yamamoto et al[19]近年用Liv8-抗体分选骨髓干细胞. 由于Liv8-抗体可以结合E11.5小鼠胎肝上的造血祖细胞, 也可以结合骨髓内CD45阳性造血干细胞, 因此可将骨髓干细胞分成造血干细胞和非造血干细胞. 然后分别将Liv8-阳性和阴性的骨髓干细胞分别植入肝损伤的小鼠体内. 4 wk后, 对照发现Liv8-阴性亚群的骨髓干细胞(非造血干细胞)能更有效地向肝细胞方向分化.
Lee et al[20]采用阴性免疫分选系统高效分离出hMSCs, 并且首次采用HGF和Oncostain M二步诱导法体外培养hMSCs. 4 wk后可以看到细胞呈立方形和肝细胞特异的基因标记, 并且具有正常肝细胞功能特性, 包括合成白蛋白、贮存糖原、分泌尿素、摄取低密度脂蛋白, 具有巴比妥诱导的细胞色素P450活性等. 将这些细胞注入肝损伤部位后, 是否也能发挥正常细胞的作用? Oyagi et al[21]在体外将MSCs和HGF共同培养2 wk, 然后将其注入CCl4致肝损伤的大鼠体内. 4 wk后检测到体内白蛋白水平仍稳定, 转氨酶水平和纤维化程度均下降, 实验肯定了HGF诱导后MSCs的治疗作用.
最近, Oe et al[22]应用转染HGF和VEGF基因的重组腺病毒治疗肝损伤, 用E.coli的β-半乳糖苷基因对照. 结果与对照组相比, HGF和VEGF组的cyclin E表达增加, 显著加快肝卵圆细胞生成, 提高肝脏修复效率, 促进肝脏再生. Hung et al[23]用增强绿色荧光(EGFP)技术研究显示, 腺病毒(AdV)在hMSCs上具有很高的转导率(>90%), 并且转导AdV的hMSCs保持多向分化潜能, 4 wk后hMSCs亚群甚至分化成特化细胞系仍有转基因表达[23-25]. 可见, 骨髓间充质干细胞在体外传代后仍有多向分化潜力, 且分化后仍能稳定表达目的基因, 还可避免外源性转染载体进入受体产生的不良影响. 所以MSCs是理想的治疗基因载体[23].
那么是否可应用基因转染技术, 把HGF转染到其他代谢活跃组织让其表达, 以高效诱导移植的骨髓MSCs向肝细胞分化? 由于MSCs被认为是良好的基因载体, 是否可以把HGF转染给MSCs, 从而发挥两者的修复肝损伤作用? 这些问题还有待进一步实验研究.
Theise et al[26]把男性的骨髓移植给2名女性患者, 又把女性的肝脏移植给4名男性患者. 结果发现男女患者的肝脏内均有Y染色体阳性的肝细胞和胆管细胞, 首次得出人骨髓干细胞同种移植后也能归巢分化为肝细胞的结论.
最近, Terai et al[27]报道了9名接受从周围静脉输注自体骨髓细胞治疗的肝硬化患者, 在移植24 wk后, 血清白蛋白、总蛋白水平明显改善(P<0.05), 显著改善Child-Pugh分级(P<0.05), 并未观察到任何副作用. 可见自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植可以作为肝纤维化肝硬化的一种新的治疗方法. 但MSCs治疗肝纤维化的临床实验证据颇少, 临床广泛应用尚存距离.
上述实验中MSCs治疗肝纤维化的具体机制尚不清楚, 当前推测主要有以下几个方面.
维持人体正常肝脏功能约需2.5×1010个肝细胞. 在肝纤维化特别是肝硬化时, 因过量纤维结缔组织增生挤压, 正常功能的肝细胞数量大为减少. MSCs通过体外诱导然后输注体内, 可随循环植入肝脏增殖分化成肝细胞[20]. Sakaida et al[28]实验也表明, 应用MSCs移植可补充大量的肝细胞和胆管细胞(4%-43%), 从而改善肝功能.
MSCs分泌多种细胞因子和生长因子, 如HGF、ILs、SCF、SDF-1α、TGF-β、TNF-α等. 其中HGF不但具有诱导MSCs自身向肝细胞分化功能, 还抑制TGF-β1产生, 阻止肝脏纤维化, 抗肝细胞凋亡的活性, 从而提高存活率[22,29]. IL-10能破坏TNF的纤维化信号传导通路, 减少纤维化[30-31]. TGF-β1却促进肝星形细胞(hepatic stellate cells, HSCs)的纤维化反应[32], 是肝纤维化最主要的致病因子, 可以激活转录因子NF-κβ, 引起一系列靶基因的激活. 而Di et al[33]用骨髓细胞与异体树突状细胞或外周血淋巴细胞共同培养, 结果表达的TGF-β1和HGF显著抑制CD4+和CD8+细胞的增殖活性(65%±5%、75%±15%), 表明MSCs具有很强的抑制免疫排斥和炎症反应作用.
肝星形细胞是正常肝和纤维化时合成细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)的主要细胞. HSCs的过度激活导致肝纤维化的发生. 研究发现, HSCs与MSCs体外共培养后, HSCs增殖活性明显受抑制, 说明MSCs具有分泌细胞因子抑制HSCs增殖活性的潜能, 这在治疗肝纤维化中发挥作用[40]. Kim et al[34]认为其机制是MSCs可能通过HGF阻断细胞外信号调节激酶的磷酸化作用, 抑制α-SMA阳性细胞的增殖, 使门脉区成纤维细胞的生长抑制、凋亡增加, 从而缓解肝纤维化进展.
卵圆细胞被认为是肝细胞的前体细胞. 当肝脏轻微损伤时肝脏可通过自身的肝细胞增殖修复, 严重时则通过卵圆细胞修复再生[16]. 最近发现, TGF-β/INF-α无论体内外都阻止肝细胞增殖, 而对于卵圆细胞增殖影响不大, 可能TGF/INF-α作用于两种细胞的信号转导机制不同. 实验发现, SDF-1α可以激活卵圆细胞, 在肝细胞再生过程中发挥作用. 因而MSCs在分泌上述细胞因子时起到激活卵圆细胞、促进肝细胞再生作用.
实施肝细胞移植的前提和关键在于获得大量功能正常的肝细胞, 并且不引发移植排斥反应. 维持人体正常肝脏功能约需2.5×1010个肝细胞, 肝细胞的数量和体积约占肝实质的70%-80%. 然而MSCs在骨髓中含量极少, 大约每5万个骨髓单个核细胞中才有1个MSC. 因此需经过体外扩增才能满足应用要求.
现在有人提出应用来源丰富的脂肪间充质干细胞[6], 但这一领域还有待深入研究.
虽然Dominici et al[42]提出了间充质干细胞的界定标准, 但对其特征性的表面标志还不甚明了. SSEA-4抗原一直被用来鉴定人胚胎干细胞. 最近研究[43]发现他也可作为间充质干细胞的表面标志, 为提高MSCs的分离鉴定效率和特异性提供帮助. 正常肝细胞标记包括c-kit, CD34, OV6, CK7, CK19, chromogranineA, CD56等. 但因为他们并非特异性标记, 所以确定MSCs是否向肝细胞分化仍存困难.
干细胞应用于临床治疗的一种风险就是可能导致干细胞的恶性增殖. 最近Wu et al[44]认为肝癌可能源自骨髓细胞的转分化. 骨髓干细胞可以分化为卵圆细胞, 卵圆细胞可以分化为肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞, 而不同阶段的肝干细胞的分化谱系都可能有肝癌细胞产生. Russo et al[45]提出MSCs还可能有促进肝纤维化的作用. 在他们的肝纤维化模型中, 骨髓间充质干细胞转分化为肝细胞的量很少(0.6%). 相比之下, 大部分转分化为肝星状细胞和肌成纤维细胞(68%, 70%). 所以对于骨髓细胞治疗的临床应用要慎重.
总之, 由于当前对骨髓间充质干细胞治疗肝纤维化的机制在很大程度上未知, 骨髓间充质干细胞的临床治疗存在疑虑和潜在的危险. 但是随着生物技术的发展, 利用MSCs的生物学特性, 在分子水平上将外源细胞因子和目的基因用于细胞归巢和定向分化的调控, 有望使骨髓间充质干细胞广泛应用于临床肝纤维化的治疗.
我国有近10%的人感染肝炎病毒, 罹患不同程度的肝脏损害, 以致形成肝纤维化、肝硬化, 甚至肝癌. 通过自体干细胞移植阻止和逆转肝纤维化是当前研究的热点, 其中以骨髓间充质干细胞的研究最多. 本文就骨髓间充质干细胞抗肝纤维化的实验研究进展、作用机制及亟待解决的问题方面作一综述.
本文内容丰富, 语句流畅, 层次清楚, 是一篇较好的综述, 有一定的可读性和参考性.
编辑:程剑侠 电编:何基才
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