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Expression of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 in intestinal-type carcinoma
Yang Wu, Yan Xin
Yang Wu, Yan Xin, Lad. 4 Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
Correspondence to: Yan Xin, Lad.4 Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China. yxin@mail.cmu.edu.cn
Received: April 19, 2007 Revised: May 1, 2007 Accepted: May 22, 2007 Published online: June 28, 2007
Gastric carcinoma can be divided into two types by the Lauren classification: intestinal and diffuse-type carcinoma. Intestinal-type carcinoma is thought to develop from normal mucosa, intestinal metasplasia and dysplasia, ultimately leading to gastric cancer. Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2), an intestinal-specific transcription factor, is a member of the caudal- related homeobox gene family and plays an important role in the development and differentiation of intestinal epithelium, and in the maintenance of intestinal phenotype. In normal adults, CDX2 is expressed in mucosa from the duodenum to the distal colon. Recent studies have found that aberrant expression of CDX2 plays a crucial role in intestinal metaplasia formation and intestinal carcinoma.
2003年Werling et al[7]观察了476例人消化道肿瘤CDX2蛋白的表达情况, 发现食管、胃、十二指肠、结肠、胰腺、胆囊等消化道上皮肿瘤中均可不同程度检测到CDX2表达, 其中结肠和十二指肠表达最强. 然而CDX2并非特异性在消化道肿瘤中表达, Werling et al[7]在较高比例的黏液性卵巢癌及膀胱癌中也发现了CDX2的高水平表达. Kaimaktchiev et al[8]发现约10%的子宫内膜组织样癌中有CDX2表达, 但在肺, 乳腺, 肾等各个器官的上皮性肿瘤中均无表达. 有学者报道, 消化道的类癌可出现CDX2的阳性表达, 认为CDX2可能与消化道神经内分泌癌的起源有关[9].
2 CDX2与肠型胃癌的关系
2.1 胃黏膜肠上皮化生
研究表明CDX2蛋白在正常胃黏膜中无表达, 在绝大多数胃黏膜肠化生中呈阳性表达, 提示CDX2蛋白在胃黏膜细胞中的异位表达是发生胃黏膜肠化生的重要起始事件, 而CDX2蛋白诱导MUC2等肠道特异性基因的表达最终导致胃上皮细胞转分化为肠型上皮细胞[10]. Eda et al[11]研究发现在鸡胚胎中胃上皮细胞向小肠表型细胞的转化过程中, 存在CDX2的诱导表达, 提示CDX2可特异性诱导肠黏膜上皮分化. Eda et al[11]首次报道了CDX1和CDX2的mRNA在胃黏膜肠化生中的表达. 他们在对人类胃组织标本进行分析时发现CDX2的表达不仅仅是肠化生的结果, 更是启动肠化生的触发器. Silberg et al[12]也发现CDX2异位表达可诱导转基因小鼠胃黏膜肠化生. 利用Foxa顺式调控元件对转基因小鼠进行CDX2导入, 发现小鼠胃黏膜出现肠上皮化生: 出现阿辛蓝阳性的肠型杯状细胞[13]. CDX2的异常表达使胃黏膜上皮转变为肠上皮, 那么其间质是否也由胃型转变为肠型呢? Mutoh et al[14]利用CDX2转基因小鼠研究在肠化生中胃黏膜间质是否有腺周成纤维细胞(PCFS)的存在, 以此来检查肠化生中间质的改变情况. 正常情况下PCFS仅存在于肠的小隐窝内, 在正常胃腺中不存在. 研究发现在CDX2转基因小鼠胃的肠化生上皮的基底膜周围有PCFS的存在, 在肠化生隐窝基底的周围也有PCFS的存在, 而在肠型腺癌中完全没有PCFS的存在. 因此Mutoh认为在CDX2诱导的胃黏膜的肠上皮化生中其上皮和间质都由胃表型转变为肠表型. 在胃黏膜肠化生中, 由于化生细胞由胃表型逐渐转化为肠表型, 具有了肠上皮的特征, 因此推测CDX2在该表型转换过程中可能起重要作用. Mizoshita et al[12,15-16]先后发现CDX2在胃黏膜的肠化生中呈高水平表达, 在胃癌发生的早期阶段也有表达, 并认为其表达与胃表型向肠表型的转换相关联.
2.2 CDX2与胃黏膜异型增生
胃黏膜的异型增生与CDX2的异常表达有关. Rugge et al[17]发现在一些异型增生(尤其是重度)中有CDX2蛋白表达的缺失, 提示随着异型增生的发展CDX2的表达可呈递减趋势. Bai et al[18]的研究中也发现CDX2基因的异常表达与异型增生的形成有关. 但是同时也发现CDX2基因在轻度和中度异型增生中表达较低, 提示部分异型增生的形成及其癌变机制可能有其他的机制或多种机制共同参与. 在一项应用免疫组织化学方法已经诊断为胃癌或非浸润性肿瘤的160例病例中研究CDX2基因的表达情况, 按照Padova分型标准分为60例低度异型增生, 55例高度异型增生和45例肠化生病例. 结果显示CDX2基因在73.3%低度异型增生、85.5%高度异型增生和91.1%的肠化生病例中的表达为阳性. 这个结果意味着CDX2基因可能为胃癌发生的早期事件, 也可以是胃癌进一步发展的一个指标, 还有待进一步的研究[19]. Woodland et al[20]与大多数学者的研究结论不一致, 他应用免疫细胞化学染色和HE染色对已有组织蜡块的回顾性研究发现,随着异型增生的发展, CDX2的表达逐渐增高, 但是与异型增生的伴随程度之间无统计学意义.
2.3 CDX2与胃癌
1965年Lauren根据组织形态及组织化学, 将胃癌分为肠型和弥漫型胃癌. 两者不仅形态与组织化学所见不同, 预后和流行病学上也不相同. Ko et al[21]在一组胃癌和非胃癌的病例对照研究中也发现在胃腺癌中CDX2表达较高, 尤其在组织结构为管状腺癌, 且分化较好的肠型胃癌中, 而作为对照的正常胃黏膜上皮却为阴性. 同时人们也已经在CDX2转基因小鼠模型中成功诱导出胃黏膜上皮的肠上皮化生并进一步演变成胃腺癌. Bai et al[18]及Kaimaktchiev et al[22]发现CDX2在肠化生及胃癌组织中高表达, 且其表达与胃癌组织类型独立相关, 肠型胃癌高于弥漫型. Mizoshita et al[23]也认为CDX2表达改变更多地出现于分化型胃癌(即肠型胃癌)的早期阶段. 分析原因可能与不同组织类型胃癌其细胞来源不同有关. 但Almeida et al[24]则认为在2种类型胃癌中CDX2表达其实并无差异. Mutoh et al[25]的研究发现胃黏膜CDX2异位表达之后发生的胃黏膜肠上皮化生, 伴有P53, APC基因突变, 提示在CDX2异位表达后合并发生其他分子事件是导致肠化生进展为胃癌的重要原因. 另一方面, CDX2蛋白表达在肠型胃癌和弥漫型胃癌中的差异提示CDX2蛋白异位表达似与肠型胃癌的发生更为相关, 而CDX2蛋白表达后进一步诱导MUC2等肠道特异性表达基因的表达是肿瘤细胞呈现肠型表型的重要原因[10]. Groisman et al[26]和Werling et al[7]的研究中发现胃癌肠转移病例中CDX2表达阳性, Barbareschi et al[27]在胃癌的肺转移中也发现有CDX2的表达. 而Tornillo et al[28]的研究显示在胃癌的卵巢转移中CDX2表达为阴性, Jaffee et al[29]在胃癌的肝转移中也发现CDX2的阴性表达. 目前在CDX2与胃癌转移的关系方面的研究不是很多, 对于其关系还有待进一步的研究.
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