This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Clonality of nodules of altered hepatocytes in livers with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis
Xia Chu, Qin Su, Li Gong, Wei Zhang, Shu-Fang Wang, Shao-Jun Zhu, Ai-Ning Li, Ying-Ming Feng
Xia Chu, Qin Su, Li Gong, Wei Zhang, Shu-Fang Wang, Shao-Jun Zhu, Ai-Ning Li, Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
Qin Su, Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
Ying-Ming Feng, Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30171052.
Correspondence to: Dr. Qin Su, Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Beijing 100021, China. q.su@wjgnet.com
Received: February 17, 2005 Revised: March 1, 2005 Accepted: March 10, 2005 Published online: April 15, 2005
AIM: To elucidate the clonality status of the preneoplastic nodules of altered hepatocytes (NAHs) in cirrhotic liver by clonality assays at the phosphoglycerate kinase and androgen receptor loci based on X chromosomal inactivation mosaicism in female somatic tissue
METHODS: Female liver tissues with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated cirrhosis were collected. The nodular lesions were microdissected on hematoxylin and eosin-stained paraffin sections. Genomic DNA was isolated and pretreated with the methylation-sensitive enzyme Hpa II or Hha I, and amplified via nested PCR. The products were resolved on agarose gels and denaturing polyacrylamide gels. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adenoma (HA) tissues were used as references.
RESULTS: Monoclonality was demonstrated in all of the five cases of HCC and one case of HA. Totally 6 regular regenerative nodules and 29 NAHs including clear-cell (glycogen-storing) and mixed-cell types were microdissected from 4 cirrhotic liver specimens. Loss of X chromosomal inactivation mosaicism was demonstrated in all of the 5 mixed-cell NAHs with small-cell change (SCC), indicating their neoplastic nature. One of the lesions exhibited similar X chromosomal inactivation pattern as the neighboring HCC nodules, reflecting their common clonal origin. Among the 20 mixed-cell lesions without SCC, 7 (35%) were shown to be monoclonal, while all of the 4 clear-cell lesions and 6 regular regenerative nodules examined were found to be polyclonal.
CONCLUSION: Some NAH lesions in the HBV-associated cirrhosis, particularly those with SCC, are already neoplastic lesions. Occurrence of SCC is a late event during NAH progression, a premalignant morphologic phenotype.
Citation: Chu X, Su Q, Gong L, Zhang W, Wang SF, Zhu SJ, Li AN, Feng YM. Clonality of nodules of altered hepatocytes in livers with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13(8): 945-952
Watanabe S, Okita K, Harada T, Kodama T, Numa Y, Takemoto T, Takahashi T. Morphologic studies of the liver cell dysplasia.Cancer. 1983;51:2197-2205.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Nakashima T, Okuda K, Kojiro M, Jimi A, Yamaguchi R, Sakamoto K, Ikari T. Pathology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan, 232 consecutive cases autopsied in ten years.Cancer. 1983;51:863-877.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Deugnier Y, Turlin B. Other causes of hepatocellular carcinomas. In: Okuda K, Tabor E (eds). Liver Cancer.New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1997;97-110.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Su Q, Benner A, Hofmann WJ, Otto G, Pichlmayr R, Bannasch P. Human hepatic preneoplasia: phenotypes and proliferation kinetics of foci and nodules of altered hepatocytes and their relationship to liver cell dysplasia.Virchows Arch. 1997;431:391-406.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Tsuda H, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y, Terada M, Hasegawa H. Clonal origin of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the liver and clonal identity with hepatocellular carcinoma.Gastroenterology. 1988;95:1664-1666.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Hsu HC, Chiou TJ, Chen JY, Lee CS, Lee PH, Peng SY. Clonality and clonal evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple nodules.Hepatology. 1991;13:923-928.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Kawai S, Imazeki F, Yokosuka O, Ohto M, Shiina S, Kato N, Omata M. Clonality in hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of methylation pattern of polymorphic X-chromosome-linked phosphoglycerate kinase gene in females.Hepatology. 1995;22:112-117.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Sheu JC, Huang GT, Chou HC, Lee PH, Wang JT, Lee HS, Chen DS. Multiple hepatocellular carcinomas at the early stage have different clonality.Gastroenterology. 1993;105:1471-1476.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Okuda T, Wakasa K, Kubo S, Hamada T, Fujita M, Enomoto T, Haba T, Hirohashi K, Kinoshita H. Clonal analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodule by methylation pattern of X-chromosome-linked human androgen receptor gene.Cancer Lett. 2001;164:91-96.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Paradis V, Benzekri A, Dargere D, Bieche I, Laurendeau I, Vilgrain V, Belghiti J, Vidaud M, Degott C, Bedossa P. Telangiectatic focal nodular hyperplasia: a variant of hepatocellular adenoma.Gastroenterology. 2004;126:1323-1329.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Anthony PP. Tumors and tumor-like lesions of the liver and biliary tract: etiology, epidemiology and pathology. In: MacSween RNM, Burt AD, Portmann BC, Ishak KG, Scheuer PJ, Anthony PP(eds). Pathology of the liver.London: Churchill Livingstone. 2002;711-775.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Allen RC, Zoghbi HY, Moseley AB, Rosenblatt HM, Belmont JW. Methylation of Hpa II and Hha I sites near the polymorphic CAG repeat in the human androgen-receptor gene correlates with X chromosome inactivation.Am J Hum Genet. 1992;51:1229-1239.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Gilliland DG, Blanchard KL, Levy J, Perrin S, Bunn HF. Clonality in myeloproliferative disorders: analysis by means of the polymerase chain reaction.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:6848-6852.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Wang SF, Liu Q, Zhang W, Liu J, Su Q. Clonality of uterine leiomyomas, an assay using X chromosome polymorphism at the phosphoglycerate kinase locus.J Fourth Mil Med Univ. 2001;22:1576-1582.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Borzio M, Bruno S, Roncalli M, Mels GC, Ramella G, Borzio F, Leandro G, Servida E, Podda M. Liver cell dysplasia is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a prospective study.Gastroenterology. 1995;108:812-817.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Ganne-Carrie N, Chastang C, Chapel F, Munz C, Pateron D, Sibony M, Deny P, Trinchet JC, Callard P, Guettier C. Predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma and additional value of liver large cell dysplasia in Western patients with cirrhosis.Hepatology. 1996;23:1112-1118.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Le Bail B, Bernard PH, Carles J, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P. Prevalence of liver cell dysplasia and association with HCC in a series of 100 cirrhotic liver explants.J Hepatol. 1997;27:835-842.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Libbrecht L, Craninx M, Nevens F, Desmet V, Roskams T. Predictive value of liver cell dysplasia for development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic chronic viral hepatitis.Histopathol. 2001;39:66-73.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Henmi A, Uchida T, Shikata T. Karyometric analysis of liver cell dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence against precancerous nature of liver cell dysplasia.Cancer. 1985;55:2594-2599.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Hytigoglou P, Theise ND, Schwartz M, Mor E, Miller C, Thung SN. Macroregenerative nodules in a series of adult cirrhotic liver explants: issues of classification and nomenclature.Hepatology. 1995;21:703-708.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Natarajan S, Theise ND, Thung SW, Antonio L, Paronetto F, Hytiroglou P. Large-cell change of hepatocytes in cirrhosis may represent a reaction to prolonged cholestasis.Am J Surg Pathol. 1997;21:312-318.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Aihara T, Noguchi S, Sasaki Y, Nakano H, Imaoka S. Clonal analysis of regenerative nodules in hepatitis C virus-induced liver cirrhosis.Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1805-1811.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Le Bail B, Belleannée G, Bernard PH, Saric J, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P. Adenomatous hyperplasia in cirrhotic livers: histological evaluation, cellular density, and proliferative activity of 35 macronodular lesions in the cirrhotic explants of 10 adult French patients.Hum Pathol. 1995;26:897-906.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Aihara T, Noguchi S, Sasaki Y, Nakano H, Monden M, Imaoka S. Clonal analysis of precancerous lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma.Gastroenterology. 1996;111:455-461.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Bannasch P, Müller HA. Lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Wirkung von N-Nitrosomorpholin auf die leber von Ratte und Maus.Arzneimittel Forsch. 1964;14:805-814.
[PubMed] [DOI]
GÖssner W, Friedrich-Freksa K. Histochemische utersuchungen über die glucose-6-phosphatase in der rattenleber während der kanzerisierung durch nitrosamine.Z Naturforsch. 1964;19b:862-863.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Bannasch P. Preneoplastic lesions as end points in carcinogenicity testing. II. Preneoplasia in various non-hepatic tissues.Carcinogenesis. 1986;7:849-852.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Weinberg WC, Ng YK, Iannaccone PM. Clonal analysis of hepatic neoplasms by mosaic pattern. In: Sirica AE(eds). The role of cell types in hepatocarcinogenesis.Boca Raton Ann Arbor London Tokyo: CRC Press. 1992;29-53.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Goodman DG, Maronpot RR, Newberne PM, Popp JA, Squire RA. Proliferative and selected other lesions of the liver in rats. In: Guides for toxicologic pathology.Washington, DC: STP/ARP/AFIP. 1994;1-24.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Yasui H, Hino O, Ohtake K, Machinami R, Kitagawa T. Clonal growth of hepatitis B virus-integrated hepatocytes in cirrhotic liver nodules.Cancer Res. 1992;52:6810-6814.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Ochiai T, Urata Y, Yamano T, Yamagishi H, Ashihara T. Clonal expansion in evolution of chronic hepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma as seen at an X-chromosome locus.Hepatology. 2000;31:615-621.
[PubMed] [DOI]
Su Q, Zerban H, Otto G, Bannasch P. Cytokeratin expression is reduced in glycogenotic clear hepatocytes but increased in ground glass cells in chronic human and woodchuck hepadnaviral infection.Hepatology. 1998;28:347-359.
[PubMed] [DOI]