修回日期: 2004-09-17
接受日期: 2004-11-22
在线出版日期: 2005-01-15
目的: 探讨遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌(HNPCC)的家系特征, 为早期诊断和提高治疗水平提供依据.
方法: 对哈尔滨医科大学第三临床医学院(黑龙江省肿瘤医院)2001-01/2002-12住院病例记录及信访、电话调查等方式查找HNPCC家系并进行分析.
结果: HNPCC家系大肠癌发病年龄轻, 平均为47.4(47.4±4.2)岁, 右半结肠癌为主(58.5%), 且转移率高(26.8%). 患者亲属中大肠癌以外肿瘤以胃癌较为多见(4例).
结论: 黑龙江省HNPCC特点与我国其他地区报道的类似. 应对HNPCC患者及其家族严密监测随访, 以便早期诊断治疗.
引文著录: 王达, 薛英威, 周宪军, 乔凤, 张妍, 李辉, 赵亚双. 遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌13家系分析. 世界华人消化杂志 2005; 13(2): 180-183
Revised: September 17, 2004
Accepted: November 22, 2004
Published online: January 15, 2005
AIM: To characteristize hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC) in assistance for its early diagnosis and treatment.
METHODS: Thirteen pedigrees of HNPCC were identified and analyzed after investigations of the inpatients of the Third Clinical Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Heilongjiang Cancer Hospital) from January 2001 to December 2002.
RESULTS: The patients who suffered from colorectal cancer in HNPCC pedigrees, with an average age of 47.4±4.2 years old, were younger than those from general population. Most tumors (58.5%) were located in the right colon, with a high metastatic rate (26.8%). Besides colorectal cancer, stomach cancer was also frequently occurred in the relatives of patients with colorectal cancer (n = 4).
CONCLUSION: The characteristics of HNPCC in Honglongjiang Province were similar to the previous reports in other areas. Great attention should be paid to HNPCC patients and their relatives in order to make an early diagnosis and treatment.
- Citation: Wang D, Xue YW, Zhou XJ, Qiao F, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhao YS. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome: an analysis of 13 pedigrees. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13(2): 180-183
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v13/i2/180.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v13.i2.180
大肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)常见遗传因素在发病中起作用较多, 30%左右与遗传因素有关[1]. 遗传因素导致大肠癌的疾病主要有(1)家族性大肠腺瘤息肉病(FAP)约占CRC总数的1%; (2)遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌综合征(hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, HNPCC)约占CRC总数的2%-18%[2-5]. 近年发现HNPCC与错配修复基因(MMR)的突变有关[6-9]. HNPCC家系特点及基因突变的研究对早期诊断和治疗大肠癌有重要意义. 最近国内有关HNPCC家系及临床特点相继报道[10-13], 但在北方地区的研究尚无文献报道. 我们搜集了哈尔滨医科大学第三临床医学院(黑龙江省肿瘤医院)近2年的家系进行描述如下.
2001-01/2002-12哈尔滨医科大学第三临床医学院(黑龙江省肿瘤医院)收治的所有大肠癌病例经检索、信访及电话调查的形式搜集到较完整的HNPCC家系13个.
定义为: (1) 发病年龄:首次确诊年龄; (2) 肿瘤发生部位: 以结肠脾曲为界, 近侧为右半结肠(包括盲肠、升结肠、横结肠、肝曲), 远侧为左半结肠(直肠、直-乙交界、乙状结肠、降结肠); (3) 多发癌: 手术时所见大肠有两处以上癌灶者为多发癌; (4) 转移: 手术时大肠癌伴有肠外淋巴结、腹腔脏器及远隔器官转移. HNPCC的Amsterdam标准见Cancer 1996; 77:2013. 日本诊断标准见J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997 Dec 3; 89(23):1758. 探讨HNPCC的家系特征并以先证者为核心绘制家系图.
本组13个家系中, 家系2, 3, 4, 5符合Amsterdam标准, 余者符合日本标准. 共41例HNPCC患者, 男21例, 女17例(性别不明3例). 先证者一级亲属22例, 二级亲属4例, 三级亲属2例; 每一家系内患者最少2例, 最多8例; 发病年龄18-72(平均47.4±4.2)岁; 24例(58.5%)为右半大肠癌, 多发异时性原发大肠癌1例(2.4%, 1/41), 转移11例(26.8%, 11/41); 伴大肠外癌1例(胃癌)(2.4%, 1/41), 伴息肉3例(7.3%, 3/41). 先证者家族成员中, 大肠癌27例, 胃癌4例, 脑瘤2例, 肝癌1例(图1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13).
大肠癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤, 其发生、发展受遗传与环境因素的影响. 遗传性非息肉病性大肠癌不伴有结肠息肉病, 与遗传因素有关, 呈常染色体显性遗传病特点. 1991年国际HNPCC制定的Amsterdam标准[3]比较严格, 1993日本大肠癌研究会进行了修正[4]. 发病年龄年轻是HNPCC的发病特点, 国外报道一般人群中散发性大肠癌的高发年龄是60-70(平均67)岁[14], 而HNPCC发病年龄15-70平均44岁[15]. 本组年龄18-72岁, 平均确诊年龄47.4岁. HNPCC病变部位多发于右半结肠(70)[15]. 宋敏et al[12]调查发现右半结肠癌患者占46.2%. 本组大肠癌41例, 24例位于右半结肠(58.5%), 所以对年轻的右半结肠癌患者宜详细询问其家族史, 可能有助于HNPCC诊断.
HNPCC也称Lynch综合征. 分Lynch Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型. Lynch Ⅰ型表现为结、直肠癌. Lynch Ⅱ的可伴有大肠以外癌. Watson et al[16]报道HNPCC肠外肿瘤以泌尿生殖系统为主, 子宫内膜癌最为多见、其次是卵巢癌、下泌尿系统的异型细胞癌、胃癌、小肠癌, 另外淋巴瘤、脑胶质瘤也可发生. 他们随访23个家系1300个成员, 53例患子宫内膜癌, 17例患胃癌. Aarnio et al[2]发现HNPCC家系成员一生累计发病率子宫内膜癌为43%(女性), 胃癌为19%. 本组发现肠外肿瘤胃癌4例、脑瘤1例、肝癌1例, 胃癌发生率明显高于子宫内膜癌, 与我国宋敏et al[12]报道的结果近似, 但与国外报道不同. 其因素主要考虑以下几种可能: (1)本组和国内其他报道样本均较小, (2)基因本身突变位点或突变形势与发达国家是否存在差异, (3)与人种、生活方式、环境等因素对基因表型的影响有关, 对此尚有待进一步研究证实.
近年来, 错配复制修复基因MMR在HNPCC家系中分离出来. HNPCC和HNPCC样家系MSH2和MLH1病理性突变的频率在15%-60%之间[8-9]. 其家系基因携带者的终身肿瘤发病的风险为70%-90%. 过去20年研究的证据支持CRC筛检和监测的有效性. 因而以HNPCC家系为线索, 借助分子流行病学研究, 了解其遗传缺陷及变异, 筛检高危人群, 对大肠癌的防治具有重要意义.
编辑: 潘伯荣 审读: 张海宁
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