修回日期: 2005-04-05
接受日期: 2005-04-09
在线出版日期: 2005-06-15
慢性丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)感染是导致终末期肝病的主要病因之一, 干扰素(interferon, IFN)联用病毒唑是唯一相对有效的治疗药物, 但普通IFN疗效有限, 持久病毒应答率低, 聚乙二醇化干扰素(pegylated interferon, PegIFN)单用或联用病毒唑能显著提高持久病毒应答率, 根据患者的具体情况进行个体化治疗能最大限度地发挥其疗效, 而降低其副作用, 对一些难治性HCV感染, 如基因Ⅰ型、伴肝硬化患者、对干扰素无应答者、肝移植后再发性肝炎及HCV合并HIV感染等复杂病例均初步显示出较普通IFN有较好的疗效.
引文著录: 贾因棠, 魏来. 聚乙二醇化干扰素治疗慢性丙型肝炎的研究进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2005; 13(11): 1327-1331
Revised: April 5, 2005
Accepted: April 9, 2005
Published online: June 15, 2005
N/A
- Citation: N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13(11): 1327-1331
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v13/i11/1327.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v13.i11.1327
慢性丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)感染是导致肝硬化、肝细胞癌等晚期肝病的主要原因之一[1], 清除病毒能改善肝脏炎症、抑制肝纤维化、防止病情进展.干扰素(interferon, IFN)是目前唯一相对有效的抗HCV治疗药物, 但普通IFN治疗慢性HCV感染持久病毒应答率(sustained virological response, SVR)低(12-16%), 与病毒唑(ribavirin, RBV)联用SVR也仅有35-40%[2].聚乙二醇化干扰素(pegylated interferon, PegIFN)的问世, 使丙型肝炎的治疗取得了很大进展, 其疗效明显优于普通IFN[3-6], 给大多数慢性丙型肝炎患者, 尤其是一些难治性患者带来福音.PegIFN用于治疗HCV感染已有几年时间, 有较多文献报道, 但对一些病情复杂的难治性(无应答者、复发者、HCV相关的肝硬化、合并HIV感染及肝移植等)HCV感染的临床观察资料较少, 现将PegIFN治疗慢性HCV感染及复杂难治性HCV感染的研究进展作一综述.
慢性HCV感染需要进行抗病毒治疗的指征为: HCV RNA(+)伴ALT异常(≥正常值2倍)或肝组织学检查有明显炎症、坏死及纤维化病变[7-8].几组大样本、多中心的II期及III期临床研究资料显示:PegIFN单用或PegIFN与RBV 联用治疗慢性丙型肝炎, SVR明显高于普通IFN或IFN并用RBV治疗方案(表1, 表2).经过多组资料分析表明[9-13]: 与普通IFN一样, PegIFN的疗效同样与宿主因素、病毒因素、用药方案及剂量有关, 有利于获得SVR的因素为:长疗程、合用病毒唑、非基因1型、病毒载量低、无严重肝纤维化或肝硬化、年轻、女性、白种人等.反之, 则为不利因素, 尤其是基因Ⅰ型和或有肝硬化者明显低于基因Ⅱ或Ⅲ 型及无肝硬化者.
研究者 | 分组及方案 | 病例数(n) | 病毒清除率(%) | ||||
总反应率 | 治疗结束(EVR) | 基因Ⅰ型(SVR) | 非基因Ⅰ型(SVR) | ||||
Zeuzem[9] | A: IFNα-2a | 6MU tiw×2 wk→3MU tiw×36 wk | 264 | 28 | 19 | ||
B: PegIFNα-2a | 180 μg/wk×48 wk | 67 | 69 | 39 | 28 | ||
Reddy[10] | A: IFNα-2a | 3MU tiw×48 wk | 33 | 12 | 3 | 4 | |
B: PegIFNa-2a | 45 μg/wk×48 wk | 20 | 30 | 10 | 14 | 69 | |
C: PegIFNα-2a | 180 μg/wk×48 wk | 45 | 60 | 36 | 31 | 50 | |
D: PegIFNα-2a | 270 μg/wk×48 wk | 41 | 56 | 29 | 12 | 67 | |
Lindsay[12] | A: IFNα-2 b | 3MU tiw×48 wk | 303 | 24 | 12 | 6 | 28 |
B: PegIFNα-2 b | 0.5 μg/kg /wk×48 wk | 315 | 33 | 18 | 10 | 35 | |
C: PegIFNα-2 b | 1.0 μg/kg /wk×48 wk | 297 | 41 | 23 | 14 | 49 | |
Heathcote[11] | A: IFNa-2α | 3MU tiw×48 wk | 88 | 14 | 7 | 2 | 15 |
B: PegIFNα-2a | 90 μg/wk×48 wk | 96 | 42 | 15 | 5 | 29 | |
C: PegIFNα-2a | 180 μg/wk×48 wk | 87 | 44 | 30 | 12 | 51 |
研究者 | 分组及治疗方案 | 病例数(n) | 持久病毒清除率(SVR %) | |||||
总反应率 | 肝硬化 | 非肝硬化 | 基因Ⅰ型 | 非基因Ⅰ型 | ||||
Manns[13] | A:IFN -2α | 3MU tiw+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×48 wk | 505 | 47 | 41 | 49 | 33 | 79 |
B:PegIFNα-2 b | 1.5 mg/kg/wk×wk>0.5 mg/mg /wk | 514 | 47 | 43 | 57 | 34 | 80 | |
×44 wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×48 wk | ||||||||
C:PegIFNα-2 b | 1.5 mg/kg /wk×48 wk+RBV800 mg/d×48 wk | 511 | 54 | 44 | 57 | 42 | 82 | |
Fried[14] | A: IFNα-2 b | 3MU tiw+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×48 wk | 444 | 44 | 33 | 47 | 21 | 61 |
B: PegIFNα-2a | 180 mg /wk×48 wk | 224 | 29 | 21 | 31 | 36 | 45 | |
C: PegIFNα-2a | 80 mg/wk×48 wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×48 wk | 453 | 56 | 43 | 58 | 46 | 76 | |
Hadziyannis[15] | A: PegIFNα-2a | 180 mg /wk+RBV800 mg/d×24 wk | 207 | 29 | 78 | |||
B: PegIFNα-2a | 180 mg /wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×24 wk | 280 | 41 | 78 | ||||
C: PegIFNα-2a | 180 mg /wk+RBV800 mg/d×48 wk | 361 | 50 | 65 | 40 | 73 | ||
D: PegIFNα-2a | 180 mg /wk+RBV 1 000 mg/d×48 wk | 426 | 51 | 77 |
Zeuzem et al[9]及 Reddy et al[10] 对单用PegIFNα-2a治疗初治慢性丙型肝炎进行研究, 发现用不同剂量(45、90、180、270 μg/wk)PegIFNα-2a, 疗效不同, 其疗效随剂量增加而提高, 但以180 μg/wk为最佳剂量, 大于此剂量, 疗效不但不会增加, 反而下降.PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk 48 wk疗程, 治疗结束病毒清除率(end of treatment virological response, EVR)可达60-69%, 疗程结束后随访24 wk, 即72 wk时, SVR为36-39%(基因Ⅰ型31%, 基因Ⅱ或Ⅲ型67%).Lindays et al[12]研究单用PegIFNα-2 b对慢性丙型肝炎的疗效, 发现PegIFNα-2 b 1.0 μg/kg穡k 48 wk疗程, 效果最佳, EVR为41%, SVR为25%(基因Ⅰ型14%, 非基因Ⅰ型49%).由此可以看出, 单用PegIFN疗效与IFN+RBV相似, 较单用IFN 3 MU每周3次(tiw)用药方案疗效提高1倍之多(表1).
由于发现IFN与 RBV联用, 可明显降低复发率, 提高SVR.Manns et al[13]通过多中心联合研究, 对1630例患者进行PegIFNα-2 b+RBV疗效观察, 将患者随机分成3组:A组IFNα-2b 3MU tiw+RBV 1000-1200 mg/d×8 wk: B组 PegIFNα-2b 1.5 μg/kg/wk×wk>0.5 μg/kg/wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×4 wk: C组 PegIFNα-2 b 1.5 μg/kg/wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×8 wk, 48 wk治疗结束时, C组疗效最佳, 总EVR达65%, 72 wk时, 总SVR为54%(基因Ⅰ型42%, 基因Ⅱ或Ⅲ型82%), 而B组及C组SVR 均为47%.Fried et al[14]研究了PegIFNα-2a与 RBV联用的疗效, 结果显示:PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×8 wk疗效最好, EVR可达69%, SVR达56%(基因Ⅰ型46%, 非基因Ⅰ型76%).总之, PegIFN联用RBV治疗慢性丙型肝炎, 疗效达到前所未有的高度(EVR 65-69%, SVR 54-56%, 对非基因Ⅰ型SVR 可高达76-82%, 基因Ⅰ型SVR 也达42-46%), 较单用PegIFN疗效又提高了近1倍.单用PegIFN治疗时, EVR虽然很高, 但停药后复发率高, 故SVR低, 而与 RBV联用后, 可明显降低复发率, 提高SVR.
PegIFN+RBV治疗HCV感染的长期疗效虽然最好, 但不同剂量、不同疗程可能影响获得最佳效果.为了最大限度地发挥疗效, 同时将副作用减少到最小, 应根据患者的不同基因型、有无肝硬化及体重等调整剂量和疗程, 尤其是 RBV剂量, 主张按千克(kg)体重计算用量.Hadziyannis et al[15]对PegIFN+RBV治疗慢性丙型肝炎的疗程和剂量进行对比研究, 发现对基因Ⅱ及Ⅲ型患者, 24 wk短疗程、800 mg/d小剂量 RBV方案(PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk+RBV 800 mg/d×24 wk)可获得78%的SVR, 与48 wk长疗程、1 000-1 200 mg/d大剂量RBV治疗方案(PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×48 wk)疗效相似.相反, 对基因Ⅰ型患者, 用长疗程、高剂量RBV治疗方案, SVR明显高于短疗程、小剂量RBV治疗方案(二者SVR 分别为51% vs 29%), 说明对基因Ⅰ型患者, 应采用48 wk疗程, RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d: 而对基因Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型患者, 可采用24 wk疗程, RBV 800 mg/d.这样可以取得最佳疗效及最小副作用.一项延长疗程的研究[16], 发现在46 wk及68 wk治疗组ETR分别为74%及81%, 但68 wk治疗组的治疗中途推出者较46 wk组高(36% vs 17%), SVR尚不清楚.另有研究认为对感染基因Ⅰ型患者延长疗程并不能增加疗效[17].
无反应者指接受正规IFN 3MU tiw治疗至少3 mo, ALT仍异常或/和HCV RNA仍阳性[18].这部分多为基因Ⅰ型、体内病毒载量高、HCV准种多、合并其他病毒(HBV、HIV)感染或有肝硬化等不利因素.对无应答者, 如再用IFN 3 MU tiw治疗24-48 wk, 仅有3.8-4.9%患者获 SVR, IFN 3 MU tiw +RBV 治疗24 wk, SVR 为13.2-15.2%[19].加大IFN剂量(5 MU tiw+RBV 1000 mg/d×48 wk), 或用高剂量IFN(5-10 MU)每天给药诱导治疗后再用3 MU tiw +RBV 1000 mg/d维持治疗24 wk, 可分别提高SVR到23%及33%[20-21].而PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk+RBV 800-1 000 mg/d×48 wk 及PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk+RBV 800-1 000 mg/d +AMD 200 mg/d ×48 wk二联或三联治疗方案, 可使无应答者分别获得37.5%及45.2%的SVR[22].Shiffman et al[23]对普通IFN并用RBV治疗无应答者进行研究, 用Peg IFNα-2a 180 μg/wk +1 000-1 200 mg/d RBV, 治疗20 wk时, 如果HCV RNA转阴, 继续治疗至48 wk, 如HCV RNA一直阳性者, 认为对Peg IFNα-2a无反应, 210人完成48 wk疗程, 结果有32%获得ETR, 18%获SVR: Peg IFNα-2a+RBV再治疗对α-2a无应答者较对IFNα-2a +RBV无应答者的SVR高(分别为28% vs 12%).
复发者指经过正规IFN 3MU tiw治疗6-12 mo后, ALT正常, HCV RNA转阴, 但在停药后6 mo的随访中, ALT又异常和或HCV RNA阳转[18].对复发者, 用普通IFNα-2 b 3MU tiw×24wk, 仅有4-5%的SVR, 而用IFNα-2 b 3MU tiw+RBV再治疗24或48 wk可分别有30%及44%的患者获得SVR[24-25], 对基因型为2/3型及病毒载量低的患者, 可有95%SVR, 基因Ⅰ型者仅有24%获得SVR, 与初治患者有相似疗效.Goncales et al[26]用Peg-IFNα-2a 180 μg/wk+RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d对这类复发患者进行再治疗48 wk, 88%基因Ⅰ型及93%基因Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型患者获EVR, 但目前还无SVR的资料.总之, 复发者对IFN+RBV或PegIFN+RBV的再治疗效果比无应答者好.
目前入选为治疗对象的HCV相关肝硬化患者, 多为组织学诊断的早期肝硬化或为临床诊断的代偿性肝硬化患者[11,13].IFN对肝纤维化或早期肝硬化(进展性肝病)的治疗有相当重要的意义, 因为清除病毒能改善炎症、抑制病变进展, 甚至可以使肝纤维化程度减轻[27], 防止发展成为晚期肝硬化及肝细胞癌[28].遗憾的是, 肝硬化患者对IFN的治疗反应明显低于无肝硬化者.用普通IFN 3MU tiw×48 wk或IFN 3MU tiw+RBV×48 wk方案, 仅分别有3%和15%患者获SVR[29-30].而Health[11]及Fried et al[16]的研究资料显示:单用PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk×48 wk 可使21-30%肝硬化患者获SVR.PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk +RBV 1 000-1 200 mg/d×48 wk, 可使SVR提高到43-44%[15-16].另有研究表明[31]PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk +RBV 800 mg/d×48 wk, 治疗结束时, 72%患者HCV RNA阴转, 72 wk随访结束时, 有51% 患者获SVR.由此可见, PegIFN单用或与RBV联用, 在很大程度上提高了肝硬化患者的病毒持久清除率.此外, 既使病毒不能持续清除, 对这些患者用IFN治疗也有益处, 如Poynard et al[32]对比单用PegIFN或PegIFN+RBV治疗组与单用IFN或IFN+RBV治疗组的治疗前后肝组织学改变, 前者73%患者肝组织纤维化较前有所好转, 8%患者较前加重: 而后者39%患者肝组织纤维化较前改善, 23%较前加重.但两组治疗均能减慢肝纤维化的进展速度.所以, 目前多积极主张对进展性肝病患者用PegIFN进行治疗.
Vogel et al[33]用PegIFNα-2a对一组肝移植后再复发性HCV肝炎进行再治疗, 患者随机分为两组, A组IFNα-2a 180 μg/wk: B组无治疗, 48 wk疗程, 随访12 wk, 结果A组35%(8/32)获得EVR, 而B组EVR为0, 目前尚无SVR资料.
Chung et al[34]进行了一项包括133例HCV合并HIV感染者的治疗研究, 患者配对分成两组, 一组用普通IFNα-2a+RBV(600-1 000 mg/d)治疗, 另一组用Pegα-2a+RBV(600-1 000 mg/d)治疗,SVR分别为12% vs 27%, 其中基因I型SVR分别为6% vs 14%.另一项[35]对HCV合并HIV感染患者的研究, 所有入选患者均为代偿性肝病及HIV病情处于稳定阶段, 患者被随机分为三组:A组.普通IFNα-2a 3 MU 3 tiw: B组. PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk: C组.PegIFNα-2a 180 μg/wk +RBV 800 mg/d, 疗程48 wk, 随访12 wk, SRV分别为12%、20%、40%: 基因I型的SVR分别为7%、 14%、 29%, 其结果令人鼓舞, 倾向首选PegIFNα-2a+RBV治疗此类患者[36], 但主张延长疗程[37]
总之, 对慢性丙型肝炎的治疗, PegIFN明显优于普通IFN, 其每周一次用药及高的持久病毒清除率等优点给慢性丙型肝炎患者带来福音.单用PegIFN治疗, 初治慢性丙型肝炎可有30-39%的SVR.PegIFN与RBV联用, 总的SVR可提高到54-56%, 尤其是非基因Ⅰ型, SVR可达78-82%, 基因Ⅰ型有42-46%获SVR, 复发者的再治疗可获得与初治患者相同的疗效, 肝硬化患者可有43-51%获SVR, 无应答者也有37.5%获SVR.
治疗早期前12 wk, 病毒动力学改变可预测SVR[38].PegIFN+RBV的高病毒清除率与其增强患者体内CD4+ Th-1细胞免疫反应有关[39].
对一般患者, PegIFN副作用与普通IFN相似, 没有明显严重的新副作用, 决大多数患者能够耐受[9,12]: 对肝硬化患者, 用PegIFN+RBV较IFN+ RBV治疗时的副作用发生率高, 如白细胞减少、贫血、血小板减少、合并感染等, 往往减少治疗剂量者较多, 退出治疗者仅占很少数[11-14].
推荐剂量:PegIFNα-2b单用时, 最佳剂量为1.0 μg/kg, 与RBV联合应用时, 最佳剂量为1.5 μg/kg: 而PegIFNα-2a无论单用还是联用, 最佳剂量均为180 μg/kg, 对基因II型及III型, RBV可用800 mg/d及24 wk疗程, 难治性慢性丙型肝炎, RBV可用1 000-1 200 mg/d及48 wk长疗程[15,40].
目前, 虽有PegIFN用于治疗HCV感染的复杂难治病例(合并HBV/HIV感染、肝移植后再发性丙型肝炎、肝硬化患者、无应答者等)的研究报道, 但对不同情况时的治疗剂量、疗程、疗效及副作用等仍有待作进一步深入研究.
编辑:张海宁
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