修回日期: 2004-07-09
接受日期: 2004-07-22
在线出版日期: 2004-09-15
一氧化氮(NO)是具有多重效应的自由基信使分子, 在炎症、免疫反应及细胞凋亡等方面起重要作用. 现对一氧化氮在坏死性小肠结肠炎发病中的作用机制做一综述, 为临床更好地防治坏死性小肠结肠炎, 改善预后提供借鉴.
引文著录: 芦惠, 薛辛东. 一氧化氮与坏死性小肠结肠炎. 世界华人消化杂志 2004; 12(9): 2181-2183
Revised: July 9, 2004
Accepted: July 22, 2004
Published online: September 15, 2004
N/A
- Citation: N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12(9): 2181-2183
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v12/i9/2181.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v12.i9.2181
坏死性小肠结肠炎(necrotizing enterocolitis, NEC)是新生儿期最常见和最严重的疾病之一. 早产、配方乳喂养、感染及缺氧[1-4]等诸多因素可导致此病. 由于肺表面活性物质的应用及医务人员综合素质的提高, 许多小早产儿得以存活, 但过去30年NEC的发病率并未下降[2-4], 原因是其发病机制尚不十分清楚. 1980年代以来, 随着分子生物学的迅速发展, 人类对NEC发病机制进行深入研究, 发现一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)与NEC的发生发展密切相关[3-5].
NO是具有多重效应的自由基信使分子, 是以L-精氨酸(L-Arg)为底物, 在还原型辅酶II(NADPH)、黄素单核苷酸(FMN)、黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)及四氢喋呤(BH4)等因子辅助下, 由一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase, NOS)催化生成. NOS作为NO的标志酶, 已被证实是一种NADPH-黄递酶, 他广泛存在于胃肠道非肾上腺素能非胆碱能(nonadrenergic-noncholinergic, NANC)神经元胞体、纤维及末梢内, 受刺激时产生NO.
据NOS的生物学特性及编码基因, 将其分为2类3型. 神经型(I型)nNOS和内皮型(III型)eNOS属于结构型或原生型NOS(cNOS), 为Ca2+或钙调蛋白依赖型, 可能仅在胞质钙离子浓度增高时产生NO, 反应迅速而短暂. nNOS主要分布于小肠壁的神经丛及神经纤维, 肌间神经丛分布较多, 黏膜下神经丛分布相对较少[6]. 根据cDNA5'端剪接体的不同, nNOS又可分为nNOSa(颗粒型)和nNOSb(胞质型), 小肠中nNOSa主要为胞质型[6]. eNOS主要分布于血管内皮及黏膜固有层细胞中, 在胃肠道平滑肌细胞内也存在eNOS.
巨噬细胞型(II型)属于诱生型NOS(iNOS), 为Ca2+非依赖型, 主要分布于巨噬细胞、肥大细胞、纤维母细胞等免疫细胞和组织细胞中. 内皮细胞和神经细胞等含有原生酶的细胞也能产生iNOS. 生理情况下iNOS基因不表达, 而在LPS、IL-1β、TNF-α、INF等刺激下产生NO, 持续时间较长, 可能与某些病理生理反应有关[7]. 左旋精氨酸类似物如NG-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME), NG-硝基-L-精氨酸(L-NNA), NG-单甲基-L-精氨酸(L-NMMA)和N-亚胺基乙基-L-鸟氨酸(L-NIO)等为NOS抑制剂. 有研究表明, 小肠中90%以上是nNOS; 正常肠上皮滤泡细胞也存在iNOS, 但他不足NOS总活性的10%, 而eNOS在肠道中几乎测不出[8].
cNOS催化生成的NO主要发挥神经递质和第二信使的作用: NO合成后立即释放, 以扩散方式到达靶细胞, 与SGC结合, 通过改变其空间构型提高酶活性, 使胃肠道黏膜细胞内cGMP生成增多, 继而激活cGMP蛋白激酶的钙泵功能, 降低胞内游离钙水平, 参与细胞间信息传递, 发挥生理效应. 正常情况下, cNOS处于自身活化状态, 能产生少量NO. 用非特异性NOS抑制剂L-NAME预处理, 抑制大鼠NO的生成, 可促进毛细血管渗出和中性粒细胞浸润, 加重血小板活化因子引起的肠损伤[17]. 表明内源性NO是维持肠道生理功能及肠道抗损伤的关键因素[3,7,17]. Qu et al[8]预先用特异性iNOS抑制剂S-异甲基硫脲、NO供体3-吗啉-斯得酮亚胺(3-morpholinosydnonimine)治疗, 发现肠道中cNOS活性与组织损伤程度呈负相关; 只有在cNOS具备较高活性时, iNOS抑制剂才能减轻血小板活化因子引起的损伤; 而NO供体可明显减轻血小板活化因子引起的肠损伤. 提示cNOS和iNOS在肠损伤中的作用不同.
正常情况下iNOS以无活性形式存在, 在炎症等病理条件下, LPS和IFN-γ或IFN-b、IFN-α共同作用, 通过二聚体化和磷酸化迅速被激活, 产生大量NO. 由iNOS产生的NO, 其作用仍存有争议. 尽管大量证据显示, 源自iNOS的NO具有促炎和致损伤作用[4,5,18]. 但也有研究表明: iNOS敲除小鼠通过促进中性粒细胞浸润, 反而加重肠损伤和炎症反应[19]. 应激时肾上腺素能神经兴奋, 肾上腺素分泌增加, 同时NANC神经受到抑制, 导致主要分布于NANC神经中的iNOS活性降低, 由其产生的NO也随之减少, 引起平滑肌收缩, 这可能是导致肠道运动障碍和黏膜受损的重要原因[20]. 提示在某些情况下iNOS可能具有防御功能. 因此, 一般认为其作用效果取决于NO的量: 小量NO具有生理和防御功能, 大量NO则具有促炎和致损伤作用[21].
iNOS催化生成的NO参与介导免疫反应并具有细胞毒作用. 过量NO可影响多种免疫活性物质的合成、分泌, 如TNF、INF-g、IL-1和IL-2等. 他们大多起局部作用, 部分起全身作用, 能够激活和放大免疫/炎症反应, 形成瀑布效应, 加重炎症和组织损伤; NO的细胞毒作用机制是通过生成过氧亚硝基阴离子(ONOO-) 和N2O3介导的间接作用, 因此在杀伤微生物和肿瘤细胞的同时, 对周围正常组织亦有损伤作用. (1)NO与O2- 反应生成ONOO-, 进一步分解为OH泛蚇O2- , ONOO- 可有效氧化蛋白质巯基、铁/硫中心, 硝基化蛋白质酪氨酸残基, 使蛋白质或酶失活, 并抑制呼吸链酶, 破坏线粒体结构, 使DNA链断裂, 启动脂质过氧化, 导致细胞和组织损伤[22-24]. (2)N2O3与巯基反应, 生成S-亚硝基硫醇(S-nitrosothiol), 可抑制某些蛋白质或酶的活性, 影响细胞代谢, 导致细胞死亡[25].
总之, NO是一种重要的黏膜炎症递质, 其作用取决于来源细胞、活性氧的协同作用及炎症进展程度. 临床研究显示出NEC患儿血浆L-Arg浓度[26]和肠组织NO水平发生改变[23], 许多新生动物模型亦证实NO在NEC发病机制中的重要作用[4,5,18], 并不断探求治疗NEC的新方法, 如应用特异性或非特异性NOS抑制剂S-异甲基硫脲或L-NAME [8,17]、抑炎因子IL-10[27]及L-Arg[28]、促红细胞生成素[29]等来抑制iNOS活性或改变NO浓度, 从而减轻肠损伤程度. 但所有这些均无法圆满解释为何NEC是新生儿特有的疾病. 宿主胃肠道防御机能不成熟, 肠系膜血流自身调节功能不完善, 可能是新生儿, 特别是早产儿易患NEC的内在因素[3,30]. 因此, 新生儿NEC的发病机制有待深入探讨和研究, 为人类更好防治NEC提供理论依据.
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