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然而, H. pylori感染致胃癌发生的确切机制目前尚不十分清楚. 现已证明, H. pylori感染可激活炎症反应中多种细胞因子、自由基和一氧化氮(NO)的释放, 这些物质均可刺激细胞增生并有DNA损伤作用[8-9]. H. pylori及其CagA蛋白可能促进细胞凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2表达, 诱导抑癌基因p53突变, 从而使细胞增生和凋亡失平衡, 最终导致胃癌的发生[10-11]. 细胞外基质成分的降解在肿瘤细胞侵犯周围组织和远处转移中发挥重要作用, 而基底膜基质的降解与基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)和组织型金属蛋白酶抑制剂(TIMP)的活性密切相关. 最近研究表明, H. pylori感染可能通过改变MMPs和TIMP的表达而参与胃癌的转移过程[12].
H. pylori感染和COX-2表达在胃癌的发生、发展中均起重要作用, H. pylori作为促癌因子诱导COX-2表达, H. pylori感染者胃黏膜中COX-2表达明显增加. McCarthy et al[31]用免疫组化检查结果表明, H. pylori感染相关的急、慢性胃窦炎的胃上皮细胞和单核细胞中COX-2蛋白表达增加. 虽然根除H. pylori减少胃黏膜COX-2表达, 但不能逆转肠上皮化生. 陆红et al[32]报道, 胃黏膜COX-2表达与慢性炎症细胞的浸润程度密切相关, 根除H. pylori后胃上皮细胞COX-2表达减弱. Kimura et al[33]研究表明, 根除H. pylori后胃黏膜上皮细胞COX-2表达显著减少, 但根除H. pylori对肠上皮化生的胃黏膜COX-2表达无明显影响. 动物实验表明, C57BL/6小鼠感染H. pylori 24 h后COX-2 mRNA及其蛋白、PGE2水平和胃小凹厚度均显著高于对照组, 而COX-2抑制剂etodolac则有效地阻断了H. pylori诱导的PGE2合成及胃小凹增厚[34]. Romano et al[35]将MKN28胃黏膜细胞株分别与H. pylori及大肠杆菌孵育培养, 24 h后发现H. pylori组COX-2 mRNA水平增加5倍, COX-2催化合成的PGE2增加3倍, 而COX-1表达无变化. 大肠杆菌组COX-1、COX-2表达和PGE2水平均无明显改变, 结果表明H. pylori在体外能够特异性诱导胃黏膜细胞表达COX-2. Guo et al[36]研究了31例胃腺癌手术标本, 用免疫荧光染色和PCR等方法证实, cagA+株H. pylori感染的胃癌组COX-2表达水平显著高于cagA-株感染的胃癌组, 而5例COX-2无明显表达的胃癌组织中均未扩增到cagA基因产物, 提示cagA+H. pylori菌株感染引起的COX-2表达上调在胃癌的发生中可能起重要作用. Chen et al[37]分析71例胃腺癌手术标本, 经单变量及多变量分析发现COX-2表达阳性组与H. pylori感染和血管侵入密切相关, COX-2表达阳性组的胃癌预后显著差于COX-2表达阴性组. 另外, 干预实验显示H. pylori根除后, 萎缩性胃炎胃黏膜中COX-2基因表达明显下调[38].
3.2 H. pylori感染诱导COX-2表达的机制
目前, H. pylori感染诱导胃黏膜COX-2表达的机制尚待阐明, 可能是H. pylori感染引起胃黏膜损伤刺激COX-2表达, 也可能是H. pylori感染及其毒素直接诱导COX-2表达[35]. 国内外研究表明, H. pylori细菌悬液、超声提取物甚至H. pylori细菌培养液均可诱导培养细胞的COX-2表达. H. pylori感染可能通过炎症细胞释放细胞因子的间接作用, 亦可能是直接诱导胃黏膜炎症细胞表达COX-2, 再通过旁分泌机制和信号传导引起上皮细胞表达COX-2[31]. Takahashi et al[39]用H. pylori感染蒙古沙鼠, Western blot检查结果显示在正常的或H. pylori感染2 wk后的胃黏膜中无COX-2蛋白表达. 然而, H. pylori感染4 wk以后, 胃黏膜中COX-2蛋白表达及PGE2水平均明显增加. 虽然该实验未能说明H. pylori及其毒素能否直接诱导COX-2表达, 但结果至少提示H. pylori感染引起的炎症反应可能与COX-2表达密切相关. H. pylori感染后炎症细胞释放多种细胞因子, 如白介素-1(IL-1)、白介素-8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子-(TNF-)以及氧自由基等, 均为COX-2表达的诱导剂[40]. 这些因子通过多细胞传导途径及细胞核因子B(NF-κB)诱导COX-2表达, 而NF-κB是胃黏膜上皮细胞受H. pylori刺激而转录基因的主要递质[41].
近来研究表明, H. pylori感染常伴有高胃泌素血症, 胃泌素在H. pylori感染相关的COX-2过度表达中可能起一定作用. Konturek et al[42]用胃癌细胞株KATO-Ⅲ在浓度渐增的胃泌素中孵育, 结果显示COX-2 和促肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的mRNA及蛋白均呈现剂量依赖性增加, 提示胃泌素可能直接刺激COX-2的表达. Jones et al[43]报道, HGF诱导大鼠胃上皮细胞(RGM1)COX-2表达增加. 因此, H. pylori感染也可能通过刺激胃泌素分泌, 经过直接的或间接的作用上调COX-2表达.
总之, H. pylori感染通过COX-2途径诱导胃上皮细胞增生, COX-2表达可能参与了H. pylori相关性胃炎向癌前病变及胃癌的演变过程. 因此, 根除H. pylori和特异性COX-2抑制剂的使用可能成为预防胃癌的有效手段.
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