修回日期: 2004-01-01
接受日期: 2004-02-01
在线出版日期: 2004-04-15
目的: 筛选有意义的超声检查指标, 结合Child-Pugh分级对中度以上食管静脉曲张的肝硬化患者进行预测, 探讨超声检查预测肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度的价值.
方法: 将所有病例按Child-Pugh评分分级, 进行超声及胃镜检查, 用Spearman等级相关分析筛选出与食管静脉曲张程度相关并且对其判断贡献较大的指标, 建立Logistic回归方程.
结果: 食管静脉曲张程度与Child-Pugh分级呈正相关(r = 0.39, P<0.01), Child-Pugh C级患者中度以上食管静脉曲张占93.3%. 对Child-Pugh A级患者, 判断食管静脉曲张程度贡献较大的指标是PUV, Logistic回归方程: P(A) = 1/[1+e-(-0.405+ 1.686PUV)], 其判断准确率为68.0%, 敏感性为60.0%, 特异性为78.3%. 对Child-Pugh B级患者判断食管静脉曲张程度贡献较大的指标有PVD, PUV, GBBL和AS, Logistic回归方程: P(B) = 1/[1+e-(-19.554+9.295AS-2.757PUV-4.278GBBL+1.288PVD)], 其判断准确率为92.7%, 敏感性为96.8%, 特异性为80.0%.
结论: Child-Pugh C级肝硬化患者绝大部分有中度以上的食管静脉曲张; 以超声检查指标建立的回归方程对Child-Pugh A, B级患者中度以上的食管静脉曲张判断符合率较高, 可以用于肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度的预测.
引文著录: 张晓红, 张宇锋, 宁方芹, 杨绍基. 超声图预测肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张程度. 世界华人消化杂志 2004; 12(4): 911-913
Revised: January 1, 2004
Accepted: February 1, 2004
Published online: April 15, 2004
AIM: To study the value of ultrasonographic prediction of the esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis.
METHODS: All 207 cases were examined by ultrasonography and endoscopy, and classified according to the Child-Pugh score. The valuable ultrasonographic variables were selected to form regression formulae to predict the esophageal varices degrees in patients with liver cirrhosis.
RESULTS: The esophageal varices degree was correlated with Child-Pugh classification (r = 0.39, P<0.01). In class Child-Pugh C, about 93.3% of patients had over medium degree of esophageal varices. The Logistic formula (P(B) = 1/[1+e-(-19.554+9.295AS-2.757PUV-4.278GBBL+1.288PVD)] might predict Child-Pugh B, and the diagnostic accuracy was 92.7%. The Logistic formula (P(A) = 1/[1+e-(-0.405+1.686PUV)] might predict Child-Pugh A, and the diagnostic accuracy was 68.0%.
CONCLUSION: A majority of patients in class Child-Pugh C has over moderate esophageal varices, therefore all patients in this class should be examined by endoscopy. But patients in classes Child-Pugh B and A should be examined by ultrasonography first, and for high risk patients, endoscopy should be carried out.
- Citation: Zhang XH, Zhang YF, Ning FQ, Yang SJ. Ultrasonographic prediction of esophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12(4): 911-913
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v12/i4/911.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v12.i4.911
肝硬化在我国常见[1-6], 而食管静脉曲张是肝硬化门静脉高压侧枝循环建立与开放的结果[7-11], 是肝硬化致死性上消化道出血的主要原因[12-16]. 食管静脉曲张破裂出血发生率与其曲张程度呈正相关, 中度以上食管静脉曲张患者是上消化道出血的高危人群[17-18]. 胃镜是诊断及治疗食管静脉曲张的有效手段, 但具有侵入性, 给患者造成一定的痛苦, 且费用较高, 将其作为常规检查, 患者难以接受. B超检查可以从多个指标上间接反映门静脉高压的程度, 而且B超检查简便、无创、经济, 易普及[19-22]. 我们对不同Child-Pugh分级的肝硬化患者进行了B超及胃镜检查, 以找出通过B超检查指标预测食管静脉曲张程度的方法.
2000-08/2001-08在我科就诊的从未发生过消化道出血的肝硬化患者207例, 符合2000年(西安)全国传染病与寄生虫病学术会议修订的诊断标准, 年龄19-76(平均46.7岁); 男189例, 女18例. 其中乙型肝炎后肝硬化165例, 丙型肝炎后肝硬化13例, 乙型重叠丙型肝炎肝硬化6例, 酒精性肝硬化20例, 原发性胆汁性肝硬化3例. Child-Pugh A级64例, B级69例, C级74例.
超声医师和胃镜医师均在未知彼此检查结果及Child-Pugh分级的情况下实施检查. 入院后24 h内行常规体检, 肝功能及凝血酶原活动度检查, 按Child-Pugh评分分级. 采用BioSound AU4彩色多普勒超声诊断仪, 探头频率3.5-5.0 MHz, 受检者禁食8 h以上, 进行肝、胆囊、脾及腹水的检查, 测量右肝最大斜径(RLOD), 脾长径(SPL) , 脾厚度(SPT)及脾门到下缘角距离, 计算脾指数(SPI), 脾指数=脾厚度×脾门到脾下缘角距离. 门静脉内径(PVD)、门静脉血流最大速度(PVmax)和平均速度(PVmean), 脾静脉内径(SPVD), 检查是否有脐旁静脉重新开放(PUV), 有脐旁静脉重新开放者, 测量脐旁静脉内径及最大血流速度和平均血流速度. 检查胆囊壁是否呈双边(GBBL), 并测量胆囊壁厚度(GBT). 检测腹水量(AS). 在与超声检查同1wk内采用Olympus240型电子胃镜进行检查, 食管静脉曲张程度分为3度, 轻度: 食管静脉向食管内隆起小于3 mm, 外观呈条索状; 中度: 曲张静脉向腔内隆起3-6 mm; 外观呈串珠状; 重度: 食管静脉向食管隆起大于6 mm, 外观呈结节状或瘤状.
统计学处理 采用SPSS 11.0统计软件进行Spearman等级相关分析, 及Logistic回归分析. 计量资料均数的比较用t检验, 计数资料率的比较用χ2检验.
胃镜检查207例, 中度以上食管静脉曲张137例, 轻度及无食管静脉曲张70例.经Spearman等级相关分析, 筛选出与食管静脉曲张程度相关的B超检查指标(表1), 相关系数(r)的P值小于0.01的指标有PVD, SPL, SPI, SPVD, PUV, GBBL, GBT, P值等于0.01的指标有AS. Child-Pugh A级患者中度以上食管静脉曲张者占39.1%(25/64), Child-Pugh B级患者中度以上食管静脉曲张者占60.9%(42/69), Child-Pugh C级患者中度以上食管静脉曲张者占93.3%(69/74). 3组之间比较差异有显著性(P<0.01).
与食管静脉曲张相关的8项指标Logistic回归分析显示, 对Child-Pugh A级患者判断食管静脉曲张程度贡献较大的指标有PUV , Logistic回归方程: P(A) = 1/[1+e-(-0.405+1.686PUV)], 其判断准确率为68.0%, 敏感性为60.0%, 特异性为78.3%. 对Child-Pugh B级患者判断食管静脉曲张程度贡献较大的指标有PVD, PUV, GBBL 和AS, Logistic回归方程: P(B)=1/[1+e-(-19.554+9.295AS-2.757PUV-4.278GBBL+1.288PVD)], 其判断准确率为92.7%, 敏感性为96.8%, 特异性为80.0%. 以所得方程P(A) = 1/[1+e-(-0.405+1.686PUV)]分析另一组32例Child-Pugh A级肝硬化患者的资料: 判断准确率为65.1%, 敏感性为58.4%, 特异性为74.3%. 以所得方程P(B)=1/[1+e-(-19.554+9.295AS-2.757PUV-4.278GBBL+1.288PVD)], 分析另一组39例Child-Pugh B级肝硬化患者的资料: 判断准确率为85.8%, 敏感性为90.4%, 特异性为76.2%.
肝硬化Child-Pugh分级是国际上通用的肝硬化肝储备功能的分级标准, 与肝硬化食管静脉曲张程度及上消化道出血关系密切[23-24], 是严重食管静脉曲张的独立危险性指标[17,25]. 本组资料与此相符, 食管静脉曲张程度与Child-Pugh分级呈正相关(r =0.39, P<0.01); A, B, C级患者中度以上食管静脉曲张分别占39.1%、60.9%和93.3%. 经等级相关分析显示超声检测指标PVD, PUV, GBBL, GBT, SPL, SPI, SPVD, AS与食管静脉曲张程度呈正相关, 其中, PVD, PUV, GBBL 和AS对Child-Pugh B级患者判断食管静脉曲张程度贡献较大. 肝硬化门静脉压力增高, 直接导致门静脉扩张, 并使肝和内脏微血管滤过增加, 淋巴产生增加, 加之低蛋白血症使血浆胶体渗透压降低, 导致腹水形成[26]. 胆囊壁增厚在肝硬化患者极为普遍. 脐旁静脉重新开放是门静脉高压导致侧枝循环建立的结果, 随着肝硬化程度的加重和门静脉高压的加剧脐旁静脉重开的比例增加, 在Child-Pugh A, B, C级中分别占6.3%, 25.9%和33.3% [27-28]. 因此, 门静脉扩张, 胆囊壁增厚, 脐旁静脉重开以及腹水的出现与食管静脉曲张均基于门静脉压力升高的共同病理基础, 有着内在的必然联系. 以这些指标经Logistic回归分析所建立的回归方程对Child-Pugh B级肝硬化患者中度以上食管静脉曲张判断准确率达92.7%. 以此方程预测另一组病例, 判断的准确率可达85.8%. Imperiale et al[28]对食管静脉曲张破裂出血进行内镜预防性套扎的Meta分析显示, 预防性套扎能减少首次出血的发生率和死亡率. Lo et al[29]报道在Child-Pugh B级患者中对食管静脉曲张高危患者进行预防性套扎效果更好. 本研究提示, 通过对Child-Pugh B级肝硬化患者进行超声检查, 以简单的指标对食管静脉曲张程度进行预测准确性高, 经此筛选高危患者再行胃镜检查及预防性套扎会具有更好的针对性, 既能节省医疗费用又可以避免部分患者进行胃镜检查的痛苦, 本方法简便、安全, 切实可行, 具有临床应用价值.
Child-Pugh C级肝硬化患者绝大部分(93.3%)有中度以上的食管静脉曲张. 因此, Child-Pugh C级肝硬化患者无需进行筛选, 均应进行胃镜检查, 以便及时对食管静脉曲张进行诊断和治疗, 预防其破裂出血. 对Child-Pugh A级患者判断食管静脉曲张程度贡献较大的指标是PUV, 既往研究认为Child-Pugh A级肝硬化患者中脐旁静脉重开占6.3%[28], 本组资料显示用PUV判断Child-Pugh A级肝硬化患者中度以上食管静脉曲张的准确率为68.0%. 仍然可以作为胃镜检查前一个较好的筛选指标.
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