修回日期: 2002-12-15
接受日期: 2002-11-19
在线出版日期: 2003-06-15
乙型肝炎病毒感染严重危害人类健康, 全身抗病毒和调节免疫功能的治疗效果尚不理想, 近年来国内外开展肝靶向药物的研究, 即用某中具有特殊亲和力的载体把抗乙肝病毒药物运送到肝靶器官, 达到了小剂量、高效应, 低毒副性反应的目的, 靶向抗乙肝病毒药物可能成为肝炎治疗中确实有效的方法之一.
引文著录: 王九平, 白雪帆. 抗乙型肝炎病毒肝靶向药物制剂的研究进展. 世界华人消化杂志 2003; 11(6): 799-802
Revised: December 15, 2002
Accepted: November 19, 2002
Published online: June 15, 2003
N/A
- Citation: N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11(6): 799-802
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v11/i6/799.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v11.i6.799
乙型肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)感染引起的一种严重危害人类健康的传染病[1-10]. 全世界大约有20亿人感染过HBV, 3.5亿携带HBV, 而持续HBV感染会导致肝硬化和原发性肝癌, 死亡率[11-17] 很高. 尽管国内外医学家采用全身抗病毒和调节免疫功能的方法, 但治疗效果尚不理想, 其主要原因可能是药物在HBV主要复制部位-肝脏中分布较少. 虽然可通过肝动脉或门静脉给药来提高药物在肝脏的分布, 但有一定的创伤. 针对这一问题, 近年来开展肝靶向药物(targeted drug system)抗乙肝病毒的研究, 即采用医学生物技术将治疗药物与靶向载体结合, 以使药物能被特异运送至靶器官与靶细胞, 较好地达到了小剂量、高效应, 低毒副性反应的目的. 因此, 通过靶向抗乙肝病毒药物可能成为肝炎治疗中确实有效的方法之一[18-29]. 现将肝靶向给药抗乙肝病毒的研究现状及应用前景作一综述.
肝细胞半乳糖受体(hepatocyte galactose receptor, H-Gal-R)仅存在于脯乳动物的肝实质细胞膜上, 他能特异的识别和结合以非还原半乳糖或N-乙酰半乳糖为末端的糖蛋白, 该受体介导的胞吞作用的糖蛋白定向转运到胞内溶酶体进行代谢. 利用H-Gal-R介导的各种药物、酶或基因定向转运到肝细胞内发挥作用. Hashida etal[30] 实验证实, H-Gal-R介导系统对肝有较高的亲和性, 且肝吸收迅速.
干扰素(IFN)是目前HBV治疗的首选药[31-34], 但临床应用中存在用量大、毒副作用大、费用昂贵等缺点. 将以D-半乳糖为起始物合成2-亚氨基-2-甲氧基-1-硫代-β-D-半乳糖吡糖苷(IME-半乳糖苷)与INFα1相结合获得共轭物Gal-INFα1[30]. 研究表明: Gal-INFα1具有明显的趋肝性, INFα1效价为345901 kU/L, 而Gal-INFα1的效价为958668 kU/L, 后者为前者的2.27倍. 这一结果显示, 将半乳糖引入INFα1后, 不仅可提高INFα1在肝脏的分布, 而且也增强了INFα1的生物活性.
核苷类药物在抗乙型肝炎病毒药物中也占有相当重要的地位[35-37]. 但疗效不很理想, 主要是由于乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原存在于肝细胞内, 核苷类药物需进入肝细胞, 并经胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶催化三磷酸化后方显效. 而核苷类药物不易透过肝细胞, 且乙肝病毒感染的细胞缺少胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶, 宿主细胞磷酸化作用缓慢, 达不到抑制病毒复制的有效浓度. 大剂量给药可提高血药浓度, 但在血中未被磷酸化的药物可迅速经肾排泄而出现血尿和肾功能障碍等毒副作用. 为了提高核苷类药物治疗乙型肝炎的疗效并降低其毒性, 在国内外广泛开展H-Gal-R介导的肝靶向核苷类抗病毒药物的研究. 实验研究证明[38,39], 以乳糖化人血清白蛋白(L-HAS)为载体的阿糖腺苷-乳糖化人血清白蛋白(L-HAS-Ara-AMP)和无环鸟苷-乳糖化人血清白蛋白(L-HSA-ACV-A); 以NGA为载体的无环鸟苷-半乳糖基新糖白蛋白(NGA-ACV-A); 以CMD为载体的半乳糖化羧甲基葡聚糖-阿糖胞苷(Gal-CMD-Ara-C). 动物体内示踪表明交联物能迅速积聚于肝细胞, 并延长药物作用时间. 交联物在肝内与游离药物有相同的抑制病毒DNA合成的作用, 所需导向药物的剂量较游离药少5-10倍, 其毒副作用极低. 无环鸟苷(ACV)乳糖血清白蛋白(LSA)交联物可显著减少在肾脏的堆积. 小鼠经0.6 μg/g已经证明阿糖腺苷和单磷酸阿糖腺苷能抑制乙肝病毒(HBV)复制, 但剂量相关的神经肌肉疼痛综合征阻碍了该药的临床应用. 将单磷酸阿糖腺苷与含末端半乳糖残基的乳糖化血清清蛋白形成偶联物乳糖化清蛋白单磷酸阿糖腺苷(L-HSA-Ara-AMP), L-HSA是半乳糖末端糖蛋白, 通过受体介导可选择性进入肝脏, 提高了肝脏中单磷酸阿糖腺苷(Ara-AMP)的浓度, 而且还因良好的靶向性而降低了药物的使用剂量. Xie et al [40]采用麻鸭乙肝病毒动物模型, 用单磷酸阿糖腺苷(Ard-AMP)与半乳糖化血清白蛋白交联物(L-HSA-Ara-AMP)治疗10 d, 观察用药前后血清中鸭乙肝病毒(DHBV)DNA, DHBsAg, 肝组织病理学变化及药物的不良反应. 结果表明, L-HSA-Ara-AMP用药后能使血清DHBV DNA水平降低, 对血清DHBsAg作用相对缓慢, 治疗过程中未见L-HSA-Ara-AMP不良反应, 既降低Ara-AMP的使用剂量, 避免了Ara-AMP的不良反应, 又能抑制DHBVDNA的复制, 在体内达到了抗DHBV的作用 . Fiumme et al [41]临床上用Ara-AMP半乳酰化共轭物35 mg/kg治疗5例慢性乙型肝炎患者, 结果3例血清HBV-DNA消失, 另2例治疗期HBA-DNA水平明显下降, 而其药量比游离药物低3-6倍.
反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, ASODN)能有效抑制培养细胞中的乙型肝炎病毒基因的表达, 是值得研究的新型抗病毒药剂, 但ASODN的生物利用度和稳定性较差, 因此还需要积极寻找新的ASODN修饰方法, 从而增强ASODN 的生物利用度和稳定性. 郭军et al[42]以人工合成2种糖化多聚赖氨酸导向配体, 与互补HBVmRNA多聚腺苷酸的反义寡核苷酸 复合物结合, 体外肝细胞和小鼠体内实验显示, 两种导向配体-ASODN复合物可使2.2.15细胞荧光染色率达75.3%和83.8%, 而单纯ASODN组则为24.3%和1.8%. 冰冻切片观察荧光染色主要聚集在肝脏中. 说明导向配体无论在体内外均具有良好的导向ASODN进入肝细胞的功能. 另有实验证明半乳糖化白蛋白和半乳糖化多聚赖氨酸连接的ASODN也明显提高了抗乙肝病毒的活性 .
普通的靶向抗病毒药不能选择感染与非感染的细胞, 因此对正常的细胞可造成一定的损害, 在原发性肝癌的治疗中, 就是利用抗体的高度特异性, 用抗体将药物导向肿瘤细胞. 将博来霉素A6与抗人肝癌单抗H111偶联, 在体外, 对人肝癌细胞抑制率达90%; 在裸鼠, 对移植的人肝癌细胞抑制率为78%, 而等剂量游离A6的抑癌率仅为30%. H111A6对人肝癌的抑制作用明显高于游离A6. 为增强导向治疗的"弹头"杀伤效果, 胡晓华et al[43] 制备了同时携带131I和MMC的双弹头马抗人AFP抗体(131IAFPAb MMC), 对荷人肝癌裸鼠的定位显像, 131IAFPAb MMC有良好的定位作用, 抑癌率可达73.55%. 对22例配对的中晚期原发性肝癌的治疗显示: 治疗组有效率为63.2%, 明显高于对照组(31.8%); 治疗组1 a生存率(52.6%)也明显高于对照组(22.7%), 且无严重副作用. 由此可以推测, 若在交联物或在抗病毒药物上交联某一特异性的抗HBV 的抗体, 有可能将药物导向感染的细胞. 叶维法et al [44]以抗HBV单抗隆抗体[抗-HBs的F(ab')2片段]体[抗-HBs为载体交联干扰素, 并使用慢性乙型肝炎的治疗, 结果显示, HBeAg转阴率达79.4%, HBV-DNA转阴率达75%, 显著高于文献报告的普通干扰素的疗效, 且不良反应明显减轻.
脂质体(liposome) 是由脂质双分子层组成类似生物膜结构的封闭小囊, 药物包裹于囊室内无需化学键形成, 有利于保持药物活性. 脂质体对肝脏有良好的靶向性, 进入机体可迅速被肝内丰富的网状内皮系统吸收, 一旦脂质体到达靶组织, 可经多种途径发挥作用. 药物-脂质体进入细胞, 溶酶体破坏, 载体被溶酶体酶所分解, 药物将被释放入胞质, 发挥细胞毒作用. 另外, 脂质体与抗原决定簇相结合, 使脂质体内包含的药物在细胞表面高浓度地持续释放, 所释放的药物将通过被动扩散或细胞膜运输系统进入细胞. 脂质体还可作为免疫佐剂, 调节机体的免疫应答, 而制备脂质体的多种天然磷脂还是肝细胞保护剂, 所以, 脂质体包裹抗病毒药物在乙型肝炎的治疗中[45-48], 即可靶向抗病毒, 又有可以调节免疫和保护细胞功能.干扰素制成脂质体的体外试验证明其抗乙肝作用病毒为等量游离干扰素的10-1000倍. 陈启荣et al[49]作了脂质体介导反义寡核苷酸体外抗乙型肝炎病毒作用的研究, 以2, 2, 15细胞为靶细胞, 针对HBVS基因和PreC基因翻译起始区设计合成了16聚硫代反义寡核苷酸 , 脂质体促进转染. 用放射免疫测定法(RLA)测乙型肝炎病毒HBsAg和HBeAg含量. 结果显示: 脂质体介导PS-ASON在浓度1 μmol/L时特异性抑制90% HBsAg和92% HBeAg的产生, 同时未见对细胞的毒性作用. 脂质体介导反义寡核苷酸的抗病毒作用显著高于单独用ASON(P<0.01). 脂质体介导的ASON是一种很有潜力的抗HBV药物.
微球(microspheres)是将药物分子分散或黏附于高分子物质载体中而形成的微粒分散系统. 其微粒大小不等, 一般为几个微米, 已知肝脏大量存在的网状内皮细胞能对血液中0.7-7 μm的颗粒产生内吞和融合作用. 将药物和载体(白蛋白、明胶、乙基纤维素、淀粉等)结合制成微球, 与脂质体比较具有稳定性好、载药量大、有肝靶向和缓慢释药的特点[50-52], 微球还具有促进抗原靶向抗原呈递细胞(APCs); 活化T及B细胞, 促进信号传递和淋巴细胞的增生活化; 诱导T及B细胞的免疫记忆[53-55]等作用, 因而备受人们的关注. 张志荣 et al [56]肝靶向万乃洛韦毫微粒的研究, 用乳化聚合法制备了万乃洛韦聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯毫微粒, 对其形态、大小及其分布、体外释药特性、载药量、初步稳定性、动物体内的分布和体外肝细胞的摄取情况进行了研究. 结果表明: 对肝细胞具有通透性; 静注后15 min有74.5%集中在肝脏. 提示, 万乃洛韦毫微粒对于提高万乃洛韦对病毒性乙型肝炎的治疗效果和降低其对肾脏的毒性有意义.
吴晓蓉et al[57]将疫苗包裹在可生物降解的微球中, 制成一种极有潜力的新型疫苗载体系统.采用聚-DL-乳酸-聚乙二醇共聚物(PELA)为材料, 包裹乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg), 制成缓释微球疫苗, 以皮下注射或口服的方式免疫balb/c小鼠, 研究其免疫原性. 同时以乙肝常规铝佐剂疫苗免疫两剂作为对照. 结果表明, 皮下注射单剂微球疫苗后, 在 14 wk, 小鼠血清IgG滴度可达到与铝佐剂疫苗组相当的水平, 维持较高的滴度; 此外, 口服微球疫苗组诱导的血清IgG滴度较低, 但其SIgA明显高于对照组和皮下注射微球疫苗组, 可见, 口服微球疫苗可诱导更高水平的黏膜抗体反应. PELA微球作为疫苗载体系统是可行的, 采用可生物降解的聚合物制备缓释的微球疫苗具有潜在的优势, 初步试验表明单剂乙肝微球疫苗皮下注射可达到与多剂注射常规疫苗相似的免疫保护水平.
总之, 不同途径介导的抗乙肝病毒药物靶向制剂具有不同的特点, 不同的选择性, 有些药物也已进入临床研究阶段, 但要用于临床还有一些问题亟待解决. 如脂质体对某些药物包封率低, 药物易于渗漏, 脂质也易被氧化, 稳定性差等. 理想的脂质体应具备以下条件: (1)保持较长的循环半衰期; (2)耦联方法应该有效、简单、快速并适用于人体; (3)抗体的存在不应干扰药物的装载及释放; (4)脂质体药物应保留他们在体内的靶识别作用, 能够以足够的剂量与靶细胞结合并释放药物, 使其治疗功效高于单独用药或无导向器的脂质体药物. 抗体介导给药虽然能进一步选择感染与非感染细胞, 但仍存在的许多问题: (1)稳定性差, 如对pH值变化敏感, 对热不稳定, 提纯过程中易变性等; (2)特异性较低, 易于正常细胞交叉反应, 产生抗抗体等. 尽管肝靶向药物还存在着许多问题, 随着靶向制剂理论进一步阐明, 肝靶向药物仍有广阔的临床应用前景.
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