修回日期: 2002-10-20
接受日期: 2002-11-28
在线出版日期: 2003-05-15
胆道系统运动调节十分复杂, 其功能紊乱的诊治难度亦大. 正常胆管的结构及压力梯度是胆汁流动的动力. 胆系运动受多种神经和激素的调节, 大多数胃肠激素不同程度地参与胆系运动的调节. 胆囊(GB)容量、胆汁排出量(GEF)受年龄、性别、体重、饮食量及其成分、吸烟、血糖、血氨基酸和胆盐等影响. 试餐超声检查及核素闪烁照相、ERCP对本病有一定诊断价值; 胆道压力测定结果为诊断本病的金标准, 但广泛应用受限制. 功能性胆道运动不良(含GB切除术后胆道动力障碍)分Ⅲ型, 舒张Oddi括约肌(SO)的药物对Ⅱ和Ⅲ型有较好疗效. 内镜SO切开术有效率达90%以上.
引文著录: 陈仕珠. 胆道系统运动调节及功能性胆道运动异常的诊治. 世界华人消化杂志 2003; 11(5): 613-618
Revised: October 20, 2002
Accepted: November 28, 2002
Published online: May 15, 2003
N/A
- Citation: N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11(5): 613-618
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v11/i5/613.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v11.i5.613
功能性胆道疾病临床上十分常见, 发生率约占消化系疾病门诊数的20%[1]. 由于其中60%以上的患者症状不明显或因同时存在胃肠功能紊乱等而被其他症状所掩盖, 加上检查和治疗手段的限制, 仅约10-20%的患者得到诊断[1,2]. 为了提高对本病的认识, 本文对近年来有关功能性胆道疾病的研究进展作一介绍.
肝内胆管均无平滑肌细胞, 肝外胆管平滑肌细胞发现率分别为肝总管24%, 胆总管十二指肠上段53%, 胰腺段87%; 胆总管上段仅有少量环行或纵行平滑肌束, 在壶腹部形成胆总管括约肌[3]. 胆汁流动主要依靠胆内压力梯度[4,5]. 正常时肝内静水压(肝内胆汁分泌压)为2.64-2.94 kPa, 肝外胆管内压为0.98-1.3 kPa, 而SO压为1.07-1.4 kPa. 胆囊(GB)排空后, 其内压力下降至0.98 kPa以下(最低至0.49 kPa)时, 胆液便流入GB, GB充盈, 压力升高可达1.77-2.16 kPa. 胆管括约肌和SO松弛时胆液很快排入胆管, 进而排入十二指肠. 如SO功能障碍致胆汁排出障碍, 使胆管压力超过2.94 kPa(直径≥9 mm)时, 则考虑胆管有扩张[3]
SO由胆总管括约肌、胰管括约肌、壶腹括约肌、中间纤维组成. 胆总管括约肌和中间纤维可见于所有人, 只有1/3和1/6的人有胰管和壶腹括约肌. 正常人胆总管压力约0.66 kPa, 胰管压1.26 kPa, SO基础压1.33 kPa. 胆总管压升高时, SO即松弛, 胆汁排出, 压力降低, 故胆汁一般不会流入胰管[3]. 调节SO运动的因素多而复杂, 涉及神经和激素(以肽类激素为主)[8,9].
GB分为底、体、颈和GB管.GB管长约3-4 cm; 直径2-3 mm. GB管近GB管颈有螺旋黏膜皱襞称海斯特瓣, 由平滑肌构成, 可防止GB管的过度扩张和塌陷[3,9]. GB有纵行肌、斜行肌和少许松散排列的环形肌组成的平滑肌层, GB平滑肌收缩可排出胆汁, 是GB胆汁排空的原动力, GB管内螺旋状黏膜皱襞有GB泵作用, 有助于GB充盈[1-3].
正常人空腹GB容量(fasting gallbladder volume, FGV)与性别、年龄[10,11]、饮食习惯、胃十二指肠功能状态等有关[12-15]. 女性FGV通常较男性为少[11]. 肥胖者FGV通常较多. 瘦男性和胖女性随年龄增加FGV也增加. 低脂低蛋白饮食可使FGV增加[2]. 长期饮酒者饮入较多酒后可使SO等的运动发生变化而影响GB排空[16,17]. 肠易激综合征及胆汁返流性胃炎患者FGV增加[12-15]. 正常人进脂肪餐后, GB可排出其中80%以上的容量, 于1 h内GB排出量(gallbladder ejection fraction, GEF)即可达最大[1,18], 尔后GB开始充盈(充盈多于排出). 禁食状态下, GB呈周期性收缩并排出少量胆汁入十二指肠, 随胃十二指肠移动蠕动复合波(interdigestive motor complex, IMC)向下推移[1,12,19]. 空腹和餐后GB排空是交替进行的, 在IMC的Ⅰ相和Ⅲ相时, SO以6-8次/min规则地正向蠕动, 使胆汁以脉冲式挤入十二指肠, 结果使充盈大于排空, Ⅱ相时GB开始收缩, 同时SO松弛, 胆汁以1 mL/min流向十二指肠[5,19-23], 总体排空多于充盈. 如进食大量脂肪饮食GB可加倍收缩, 以3 mL/min将胆汁排入十二指肠, 此种排空多于餐后1 h内达高峰[20-22] 这样, 使来自肝脏新的稀薄的胆汁不断进入GB, 同时GB胆汁陆续被排出而不致过分浓缩. 进一步研究发现, 餐后90 min GB排出的胆汁量为基础量的6倍[22], 即约5倍多的胆汁是肝脏新分泌出来的. GB排空速度与量除与食物成分有关外, 与食物到达十二指肠的速度及十二指肠产生的GB收缩素(cholecystokinin, CCK)等的含量、GB和SO上CCK等受体密度和敏感性等关系密切[21,22].
已知GB和SO运动受胆碱能及肾上腺素能神经控制和调节. GB壁内存在黏膜层和肌层神经丛及较多神经细胞, 但未形成界限清楚的壁内神经丛. GB壁和SO上存在α、胆碱能及β受体, 前二者介导收缩, 后者介导舒张, 正常情况下GB收缩和SO舒张是同时发生的. 此外, GB和SO上还分布有生长抑素(somatostatin, SS)等多种肽能神经及其受体, 参与GB排空的调节. 切除迷走神经可显著延缓GB排空并减少GEF, 改变GB排空方式, 表现为连续排空及再充盈[23,24]. 刺激迷走神经使GB内压增加, SO松弛, GB排空增快、增多[25]. 除肾上腺素能和胆碱能神经外, 免疫组化研究表明, SO上存在密集的含神经肽的肌间神经[26,27], 豚鼠GB壁分布有组胺受体, 并通过激活H1和H2受体调节GB收缩[28]. 表明肽能神经、组胺能神经等均参与GB排空的调节.此外, GB排空亦存在头相, 可能是感官-胃液分泌-十二指肠酸化-CCK-胆碱能神经-GB和SO的结果, 而胃相-肠相及回肠结肠相则与食物所达部位继发的神经和体液调节所致[29].
已知许多胃肠激素(gastro-intestinal homone, GH)参与GB和SO运动的调节[2,3,29-31]. 脂肪餐进入十二指肠后引起CCK释放, CCK与GB及SO上的CCK受体结合或经胆碱能神经作用产生排空效应. 静注CCK-8可使胆总管压明显升高, SO活动增强, 压力减低[23]. 但GB及S0对含肽数量不同的CCK反应有异, GB对同样剂量的CCK-3(10-80 nmol/kg)和CCK-2(10-160 nmol/kg)无反应, 而SO则可完全松弛. 用于阻滞CCK对SO作用的药物剂量要比对GB的剂量大得多. 除循环CCK调节GB排空外, 将CCK-8、CCK-5和胃泌素置于GB腔内, 可引起由神经介导的GB收缩, 并呈剂量相关, 其机制可能是通过CCK-B型受体, 经内脏神经介导的[2]. 血管活性肠肽(vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP)与CCK联用时, 可拮抗CCK-8对SO的作用, 但单独输注VIP则对SO活动无明显影响[23,31]. 静注P物质、阿片肽对SO的作用与CCK-8相似, 使SO收缩, 减少胆汁流出, 但作用稍弱[1,32]. 内源性前列腺素(PG)系统对正常人空腹及餐后GB排空均无明显影响[1], 可参与CCK引起的GB收缩的调节. 但PGE通过刺激GB黏液分泌, 抑制GB排空, 使GB张力增加, 其拮抗剂消炎痛可消除此作用, 防止胆固醇核的形成, 促进GB排空. 有研究发现, 心房利钠肽使餐后GB收缩, 而空腹则否, 可能是GB胆汁对GB的作用不同[33]. 蛙皮素刺激的GB收缩可被阿托品和SS所抑制, 提示蛙皮素对GB的作用是经胆碱能神经实现的, 而SS抑制GB排空可能是通过抑制蛙皮素刺激的CCK释放[34,35]. 胃动素调节胃肠运动, 亦调节GB排空. 胃动素拟似剂红霉素可促进GB排空异常的人的GB排空, 提示胃动素可能刺激其GB收缩及SO舒张[34]. 胃泌素释放肽直接刺激豚鼠GB收缩[1,2]. SS通过抑制几乎所有刺激GB收缩和/或SO松弛的激素的作用而抑制GB排空. 静注SS可完全消除由进固体、液体食物及胆碱能和CCK等引起的GB排空, 抑制静息状态时SO运动[30,34-36], 而奥曲肽抑制空腹和进餐引起的SO运动, 增加SO基础压和收缩波[31,34-37]. Weber et al[37]研究发现, 皮下注射100 ug奥曲肽显著增加SO收缩频率和基础压, 抑制GB收缩, 该作用持续超过1 h(而循环SS半衰期仅约3 min). 进一步证实奥曲肽可引起SO功能不良及减少GB排空, 但在SOD患者则可使SO松弛, 利于GB排空[38,39]. 由于长期应用奥曲肽使GB排空缓慢而引起的GB结石者高达20%[1,2,40]. 神经减压素10-40 ng/(kg穐)使餐后GB排空明显减少, 而用2-5 pmol/(kg穖in)者则否. 表明神经减压素抑制GB排空的作用与剂量有关[41]. McKirdy et al[42-44]研究发现, 一氧化碳可能为GB平滑肌收缩的抑制性递质, 参与GB运动的调节. 进一步研究表明, 刺激狗SO非胆碱能非肾上腺素能(non-adren-ergic non-cholinergic, NANC)神经引起的SO松弛可被河豚毒及氧合血红蛋白消除, 但不受阿托品、心得安、酚妥拉明、消炎痛、CCK及VIP的影响, 推测可能是电刺激使NANC释放一氧化氮, 进而使SO松弛[45]. 内源性雌激素可延长胃排空, 使食物到达十二指肠的速度减慢, 进而经CCK使GB排空延缓[46], 可部分解释女性GB结石发生率高的原因. 此外, 甲状腺素、神经肽Y可直接或间接抑制SO收缩, 调节胆囊排空[46,47].
在体外, 生理剂量胆盐抑制GB收缩; 在体内, GB内胆盐亦抑制GB收缩[48,49]. 高血糖时GB收缩减少[50]. 静注氨基酸显著引起正常人的GB收缩[51-53], 而高血糖者则无此反应[1,2]. Garg et al通过静注氨基酸刺激胆汁排泄来从十二指肠收集胆汁亦证实氨基酸有促进GB排空作用[52-54]. 进脂肪餐时吸烟不影响GB收缩, 但进餐后20-40 min吸烟则引起GB排空延缓[55]. GB开始收缩反应由胆碱能神经胞体或轴突上尼古丁受体介导, 而GB松弛则可能为释放尼古丁的神经末端上的尼古丁受体被激活所致[56]. 肠外营养和低脂低蛋白饮食使FGV增加, GEF减少, 胆汁潴留, 为GB结石形成的危险因素之一[56,57]. 快速减肥期间GB容量增加, 胆汁成分发生有利于成石的变化[58], 其GB收缩减少, 胆固醇饱和度增加, 胆结石形成增多[59,64], 而胆汁胆固醇增加抑制GB肌收缩, 促进结石形成[57]. 应用熊脱氧胆酸[65,66]及熊胆醇(ursodid)或ibuprofen[67]对防止减肥诱发的胆结石有一定作用.
功能性胆道运动功能不良的直接结果是GB排空不良, 而GB排空不良为GB结石形成和胰腺炎的重要原因. 动物研究表明, GB排空不良常是GB结石形成的原因而非结果. 肥胖及限食、体重快速减轻时, 由于GB排空减少, 胆固醇饱和指数增加, 易形成结石[56-65]; 如限食至2.092 kg/d(500 cal/d), 则GB结石发生率明显增加, ≥3.765 kg/d(900 cal/d)则很少发生GB结石[59]. 肢端肥大症患者由于长期应用对GB排空有抑制作用的奥曲肽, 使GB结石发生率明显增加[34-37]. SO功能不良(sphincter of oddi dysfunction, SOD)可引起胆汁潴留、胰腺炎及上腹痛综合征[68-71].
一般而言, SO痉挛者症状多较明显[69,70], 而GB收缩无力者则甚少出现明显症状. 约20%有症状者亦因发生机制不同而表现不一[49]. 主要症状有右上腹不适、隐痛、胀痛或绞痛, 部分患者可酷似胆绞痛表现: 疼痛较剧烈, 向肩背部放射, 并可出现黄疸, 谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、胰淀粉酶升高等肝胰损害表现[69-71]. 急性特发性胰腺炎患者中79%为SOD所致[72]. 由于有SOD患者常伴胃肠运动功能紊乱[66,67], 故需与Vater壶腹/十二指肠痉挛所致之上腹痛相区别, 后者可通过闪烁照像或十二指肠压力测定鉴别[68]. 在部分SOD患者, 其胆管括约肌和胰管括约肌为两个独立部分[71,73], 对CCK反应亦异, 临床表现及治疗方法亦有不同[72-74]. 试餐超声及核素闪烁照相检查患者FGV明显增多, 餐后GEF明显减少, 最大GB排空速度明显减慢, GB残留胆汁增多, GB排空时间延长[75-77]. SO痉挛或失弛缓者可见胆总管扩张(≥12 mm)[70,71]. 有胆总管综合征者胆总管内径可≥15 mm[76]. 造影及药物试验 内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)可见造影剂排空缓慢[1,78]. 对GB收缩无力所致排空不良者应用拟胆碱能药物或胃动素激动剂[32]或多巴胺拮抗剂[79]和作用于壁内神经药物如西沙必利(cisapride)[80,81]等可使GB排空明显改善. 对Ⅱ、Ⅲ型SOD患者, 应用钙通道阻滞剂等可迅速缓解症状, 增加GEF, 加快排空速度 [71,82-84]. 胆道压力测定常表现为[85,86]: (1) SO基础压升高(≥5.3 kPa, 40 mmHg); (2)SO收缩频率、幅度增加; (3)收缩传导顺行减少而逆行增加; (4)SO对CCK等反应异常; (5)胆管、胰管压力升高. 35%的患者Vater乳头压力增加(>10.7 kPa, 80 mmHg)[68,71,74]. 有研究表明, SO压力测定结果与患者的临床表现大多一致[87], 不明原因急性胰腺炎患者31%有SOD[88] . ERCP可引起严重并发症, 而胆道压力测定并发胰腺炎的发生率较ERCP更高. 但Chan et al[89]认为, 如技术上可行则测SO压对诊断还是必要的.行压力测定等操作时应用镇静剂对测定结果无明显影响[90-92]. SOD诊断标准为: (1)有胆绞痛史; (2)血清胆红素升高, 碱性磷酸酶(ALP)为正常上限的1.5倍; (3) ERCP发现胆总管扩张(≥12 mm); (4)ERCP仰卧位45 min胆道仍有造影剂潴留[78]. 根据该标准将SOD分为三型[74].Ⅰ型: 上述4条标准均有; Ⅱ型: 有胆绞痛史加其他任1-2条标准; Ⅲ型: 仅有胆绞痛. 进一步研究发现, 在诊断为SOD的患者中, 除Ⅰ型外, Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型分别有61%和50%的患者有SO压力异常. 关于胆总管扩张的标准, 亦曾有人提出>15 mm作为扩张的指标[69,70,74], 达此数者通常示扩张显著, 应排除器质性病变所致. 胆道压力测定虽是诊断SOD的金指标, 但因增加患者痛苦和受条件限制, 故对反复发作, 症状典型, 经超声、CT等检查符合SOD并排除原发器质性病及经药物试治有效者亦可诊断. Sugawa et al[92]认为, 对I型SOD, 行内镜括约肌切开术(EST)前不必行SO压力测定. 定量肝胆闪烁照相对SOD的诊断价值与SO压力测定接近, 故可以前者代替后者[93].
约30%的慢性GB炎、胆结石术后患者仍有上腹不适或疼痛等症状, 其中50%主要由PCBD引起[94], 以女性多见, 男∶女为1∶4. 这些患者SO基础受缩频率及幅度增高, 逆向受缩比例增多. 其中1型SOD患者中90%, Ⅱ型患者中31.8%, Ⅲ型患者中6.7%SO压力异常; 约3-4%的严重者有胆管扩张. 进一步研究发现[95], PCBD患者血胃泌素水平明显高于对照组. 认为GB切除后GB与SO协调作用被破坏, SO缺乏GB收缩反射性引起SO松弛的调节而经常处于受缩或痉挛状态. 此外, 部分患者在其GB切除前可能就已有SOD, 只是其症状被误认为胆石症所致未被诊断而已. PCBD的诊断: 即在上述SOD诊断标准的基础上排除消化系溃疡, 胆管结石, 肿瘤, 特发性胰腺炎的无诱因间歇性右上腹痛.
(1)一般治疗: 调节饮食, 适当减少可诱发SOD的食物的摄入; 调节情绪和胃肠功能, 可减少SOD的发作频率. (2)内镜SO切开术(EST): 对反复发作, 有明显症状并引起肝、胰损害, 经压力测定等检查确诊为SOD和PCBD的患者, 行内镜下SO切开术, 可显著改善GB运动和GB排空[92,95-99], 消除症状, 其近、远期效果较好(有效率达91.7%), 但其术后再狭窄率达12%[100]. 对Ⅰ型SOD因效果不佳而不主张用EST. (3)气囊扩张: 不能使SOD完全缓解[101], 对不能行EST的患者可考虑用气囊扩张[102]. (4)经十二指肠括约肌切开术: 效果不佳者达7-35%, 可能与手术适应证较难掌握有关[103-105]. (5)药物治疗: 已知有胃肠运动功能紊乱患者常同时存在GB或SO运动功能不良或二者运动不协调. 应用调节胃肠运动的药物治疗常可使GB排空功能改善[1,79,83]. 对伴胃肠运动缓慢者, 应用多潘立酮、西沙必利和左舒必利(Levsoulpiride)(75 mg/d)可促进胃排空, 同时显著增加GB排空[79-81,83,84]. 对正常人, 多潘立酮和西沙必利均抑制GB排空, 其机制可能是使SO收缩加强所致[79]; 对其长期应用是否增加患者GB结石的发生率尚未定论. 红霉素为胃动素拟似药, 通过增强GB收缩, 减少SO压力及收缩幅度而显著增加GB排空, 使剩余胆汁减少[32,106]. 硝苯吡啶抑制正常人GB收缩, 减少GB排空[107], 但不增加胆结石的发生率; 对SOD引起的胆绞痛, 特别是对Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型SOD有显著疗效[71]. 硝酸盐类制剂如消心痛等亦具硝苯吡啶样作用, 松弛SO. PGE拮抗剂消炎痛可促进餐后GB排空, 显著减少GB残余量[95,108]. 阿司匹林350 mg/d治疗2 wk对正常人GB排空无影响, 但可明显促进GB结石患者GB排空, 减少溶石后GB结石的复发, 增加剂量至1.4 g/d, 疗效并不增加[109]. 长期应用阿司匹林等非甾醇类抗炎药可减少GB黏液分泌, 改变胆汁脂质含量从而阻碍结石的形成[106], 对预防GB结石的发生可能有一定作用, 但此类药物不能逆转收缩减弱的GB的收缩功能[109,110].
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