修回日期: 2003-02-20
接受日期: 2003-03-29
在线出版日期: 2003-10-15
门脉高压性肠病是一种由门静脉高压症而致的非炎症性的、独特的肠道黏膜病变, 包括门脉高压性小肠病变和门脉高压性结肠病变. 本文以门脉高压性结肠病变为主对其发病率、内镜下表现等多个方面作一综述.
引文著录: 尹朝晖, 刘浔阳. 门脉高压性肠病. 世界华人消化杂志 2003; 11(10): 1569-1571
Revised: February 20, 2003
Accepted: March 29, 2003
Published online: October 15, 2003
N/A
- Citation: N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11(10): 1569-1571
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1009-3079/full/v11/i10/1569.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v11.i10.1569
随着对肝硬化门静脉高压症胃黏膜病变认识的加深, 有学者渐认识到门静脉高压症肠黏膜病变的独特性, 并提出门脉高压性肠病的概念, 其主要包括门脉高压性小肠病变(portal hypertensive enteropathy, PHE)、门脉高压性结肠病变(portal hypertensive colopathy, PHC)[1,2]; 由于小肠内镜检查的困难性, 故有关门脉高压性肠病的研究主要来自结肠病变, 本文对PHC作一综述.
有关肝硬化门脉高压结肠黏膜病变的发病率报道不一, 从2.8-93%不等[2-15]. 相差较大的原因可能为: (1)实验组患者选择标准不一: 如Naveau et al [2]选择64例酒精性肝硬化患者进行研究, 而Bini et al [5]的研究则包括多种病因的肝硬化患者; (2)PHC判定标准不一; (3)检查方法不同: 大多数学者应用结肠镜进行研究, 但Zaman et al [6]对71例等待行肝移植的肝硬化患者进行乙状结肠镜检查, 发现PHC为2.8% (2/71), 而同样行乙状结肠镜检查, Goenka et al [7]报道PHC在门脉高压患者中发病率为12% (9/75).
综合多位学者的报道, PHC在门脉高压患者中发病率大致为40.6% (668/1647), 若除外乙状结肠镜检查, PHC发病率约为43.8% (657/1501), 皆高于对照组4.5% (15/334).
PHC的内镜诊断标准尚未统一, 主要有下述争论焦点: (1)PHC是否包括直肠壁静脉曲张(rectal varices, RV)[2,5,8,12]; (2)PHC是否包括黏膜肿胀[16].
Naveau et al [2]认为直肠壁静脉曲张和黏膜血管扩张(vascular ectasias, VE)是PHC的惟一内镜表现. VE诊断标准: 扁平或轻度突起的直径小于10 mm的红色病灶, 其周围为正常状态下的黏膜表现, 同时要排除操作时抽吸或损伤引起的假象. RV诊断标准: 扩张的、突入管腔的、直径3-6 mm直肠黏膜下静脉, 其远端通向齿线; 同时注意与痔血管区别, 后者管径更粗且迂曲.
Bini et al [5]将PHC定义为结肠炎样病变和/或血管病灶. 结肠炎样病变表现为结肠黏膜肿胀、红斑、颗粒样变、弥漫分布的暗红色改变、易脆性和/或自发性出血; 血管病灶表现为樱桃红点征、毛细血管扩张或血管发育异常改变. 血管发育异常改变指病变位于结肠黏膜, 直径约10 mm, 并伴有一供血管, 外观呈绒球状; 樱桃红点征是指散在的、清亮的红色斑点, 周围为完整黏膜[10]. Bini et al [5]尚提出PHC的分级标准, 共分为三级: I级: 结肠黏膜红斑; II级: 结肠黏膜红斑并伴有黏膜马赛克样改变; III级: 樱桃红点征、毛细血管扩张或血管发育异常改变.
Lamps et al [18]应用HE和CD34染色的方法调查了46例门脉高压患者及24例对照组结肠黏膜的组织学情况, 与对照组相比, 有73.9% (34/46)门脉高压患者的结肠黏膜血管扩张, 中间层血管迂曲明显、分枝增多; 但未见任何慢性结肠炎那样的黏膜弥漫性改变, 其他改变尚有黏膜轻度水肿、固有层黏膜灶性浸润、灶性黏膜结构紊乱以及腺上皮反应性改变等. 结肠镜下PHC病灶活检示, PHC结肠黏膜组织学改变主要是黏膜毛细血管数目及直径增加, 基底层增厚, 且无明显炎细胞大量浸润[1,2,10,11].
Misra et al [3]发现60例门脉高压食管静脉曲张患者未治疗前PHC为56.7%(34/60), EVL治疗食管曲张静脉消失4-6 wk后复查结肠镜示PHC仍为56.7%(34/60); Misra et al [15]尚发现39例食管静脉曲张患者EST前后PHC发病率为60.5%(23/39)和66% (25/39), 无统计学差别; 作者认为EVL或EST后使黏膜下回流受阻, 由此形成的冲击对邻近的胃部影响较大, 而对距离较远的结肠无明显冲击. Ghoshal et al [13]亦认为食管曲张静脉的消失与PHC的进程无明显相关. 但有学者研究认为食管曲张静脉消失后PHC升高[9]. 对此矛盾的结果, 有学者质疑: PHC是由于食管曲张静脉的消失直接引起, 或仅仅为PH病程进展的结果[24] ?此尚待大宗长期对比资料研究.
现阶段有关PHC的治疗多针对于其引起的出血, 预防性治疗尚无报道.
7.1.1 药物治疗 Yoshie et al [25]应用奥曲肽(Octreotide)成功治疗了一位因PHC出血的患者, 其认为奥曲肽可安全、有效地治疗PHC所致急性出血, 同时认为奥曲肽止血后尚需普萘洛尔(Propranolol)及其他药物治疗以降低门静脉压力, 防止复发出血. Nardone et al [26]也有应用奥曲肽成功治疗结肠血管发育异常病灶的报道. Ghoshal et al [13]报道1例PHC便血患者应用普萘洛尔(120 mg/d)后, 其结肠处的樱桃红点征消退, 血便停止; Misra et al [3]亦报道应用普萘洛尔(40 mg, 2次/d, 共4 d)成功治疗PHC所致出血.
7.1.2 内镜治疗 Ohta et al [27]于结肠镜下应用热探头成功治疗了1例结肠黏膜血管发育异常病灶引起的急性出血, 术后随访4 mo无再发出血. Kozarek et al [8]也有类似报道. Santoro et al [28]尚有应用NdYAG激光、硬化、缝扎治疗结肠出血灶的报道.
7.1.3 TIPS Balzer et al [17]首次为1例75岁因PHC出血的患者行TIPS治疗, 术前示结肠内见多发的(50个以上)、直径达15 mm的血管发育异常病灶, 术后9 d结肠镜示血管发育异常病灶的数目及大小均明显减少, 术后4 mo示结肠黏膜规则, 原病灶完全消失, 同时胃镜示原有的胃静脉曲张及PHG消失; 术后随访18 mo无消化道出血和脑病.
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