Traditional Chinese medicine for chronic atrophic gastritis: Efficacy, mechanisms and targets

Table 1 The specific target of traditional Chinese medicine function.

Compound or monomer	Efficiency	Ref.
Weifuchun	TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, ALP↓, Bcl-2↓, CDK4↓, VCAM1↓, HIF-1α↓, HES6↓, Bcl-2↓, CDK4↓, IL-1β↓, CDX2↓, NF-κbp65↓, IKKβ↓, IL-8↓, IL-4↓	[59,93]
Jianpiyiqi formula	Wnt1↓, Wnt5a↓, β-catenin↓, cyclin D1↓, MMP7↓, GSK-3β↑, Lgr5↑, Sox2↑, PCNA↑, Ki67↑	[65,66]
Xianglian Huazhuo granules	TFRC↓, ROS↓, GPX4↑, SLC7A11↑, SLC40A1↑	[69]
Weierning tablets	IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, IL-8↓, IL-10↓, TNF-α↓, γ-IFN↓	[70]
Moluodan	TNF-α↓, PI3K-AKT↓	[71]
Zhiwei Fangbian capsule	LDH↓, SDH↑, Na+-K+ -ATP enzyme↑, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP enzyme↑	[82]
Yiqifumai	CD11b↓, CD18↓	[83]
Chaishao Liujun decoction	IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, Shh↑, Ptch1↑, Gli1↑	[89]
Qinghua Yin	IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, TLR4↓, TRIF↓	[90]
Zuojin Pill	G-17↓, IL-8↓, TNF-α↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, TGF-β1↓, PI3K-AKT, p-mTOR, P70S6K↓, PTEN↑, LC3-II↑, Beclin-1↑, PGE2↓, VEGF↓, HMGB1↓, MyD88↓, RAGE mRNA↓, NF-κB p65↓, RAS↓, COX-2↓, MCP-1↓, LysoPC↓, pyridoxamine↑	[91,98,99]
Jianwei Xiaozhang tablets	COX-2↓, P53↓, TFF2↓	[103]
Geranylgeranyl acetone	HSP70↑	[105]
Andrographolide sodium bisulfite	GSH↑, CAT↑, SOD↑, MDA↓, PGE2↑, COX-1↑, COX-2 mRNA↑, HSP70↑, Bcl-2↑, Bax↓	[107]
Astragaloside IV	MDA↓, TNFα ↓, MCP1↓, HSP70↑, Bcl-2↑, PLCγ ↑	[108]
Berberine	TNF-α↓, IFN-γ↓, NOS2↓, CCR7↓, IRF-8↓, TGF-β1↑, IL-10↑, IL-4↑, STAT6↑, Chil3↑, IL-17↓, CXCL1↓, CXCL9↓, Ifit3↓, IRF1↓, Ifit1↓, Upp1↓, USP18↓, Nlrc5↓, IL-8↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, PI3K↓, p-AKT/AKT↓, p-mTOR/mTOR↓, P70S6K↓, PTEN↑, LC3-II↑, Beclin-1↑	[137-139]
Morroniside	GAS↑, MTL↓, TNF-α, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, Bcl-2↑, Bax↓, caspase-3↓, caspase-9↓, p-NF-κB p65↓, p-IKKα/β↓, IκB-α↑, CD34↑	[148,150]
Saponin R1	GAS↑, SS↑, MTL↑, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, PGE2↓, NOS↓, ET↓, sIgA↑, GSH↑, Bcl-2↓, Bax↑, MPO↓, MDA↓, p-NF-κB p65↓, p-IKKα/β↓	[153,154]
Erianin	HRAS↓, AKT↓, p-AKT↓, MDM2↓, Cyclin D1↓, p-Gsk3β↓, p21↑	[72]
Rutaecarpine	IL-18↓, IL-1β↓, SHH↑, Gli↑, SMO↑	[74]
Rhein	TNF-α↓, COX-2↓, IL-6↓, IL-1β↓, PGE2↓, JNK↓, p38↓, Nrf2↑, HO-1↑	[96]

TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; CDK4: Cyclin-dependent kinase 4; VCAM1: Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; HIF-1α: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; HES6: Hairy and enhancer of split family BHLH Transcription factor 6; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; CDX2: Caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2; NF-κbp65: Nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor P65; IKKβ: Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-b kinase subunit beta; IL-8: Interleukin-8; IL-4: Interleukin-4; Wnt1: Wingless-related integration site 1; Wnt5a: Wingless-related integration site 5a; MMP7: Matrix metalloproteinase 7; GSK-3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; Lgr5: Leucine-rich repeat-containing g-protein coupled receptor 5; Sox2: SRY-box transcription factor 2; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; Ki67: PP1 gamma-Ki67; TFRC: Transferrin receptor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; SLC7A11: Solute carrier family 7 member 11; SLC40A1: Solute carrier family 40 member 1; IL-10: Interleukin-10; IFN-γ: Interferon-gamma; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: Protein kinase B; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; SDH: Succinate dehydrogenase; CD11b: Cluster of differentiation 11b; CD18: Cluster of differentiation 18; Shh: Sonic hedgehog; Ptch1: Patched 1; Gli1: Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; TRIF: Tir-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β; G-17: Gastrin-17; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor beta 1; p-mTOR: Phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin; P70S6K: 70-kda ribosomal protein s6 kinase; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog; LC3-II: Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; HMGB1: High mobility group box 1; MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response 88; RAGE mRNA: Receptor for advanced glycation end products mRNA; RAS: Rat sarcoma virus; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; LysoPC: Lysophosphatidylcholine; P53: Cellular tumor antigen p53; TFF2: Trefoil factor 2; HSP70: Heat shock protein 70; GSH: Glutathione; CAT: Catalase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; MDA: Malondialdehyde; COX-1: Cyclooxygenase-1; Bax: Bcl-2-associated x protein; PLCγ: Phospholipase C gamma; NOS2: Nitric oxide synthase 2; CCR7: C-C motif chemokine receptor 7; IRF-8: Interferon regulatory factor 8; STAT6: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; Chil3: Chitinase-like protein 3; IL-17: Interleukin-17; CXCL1: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1; CXCL9: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9; Ifit3: Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3; IRF1: Interferon regulatory factor 1; Ifit1: Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1; Upp1: Uridine phosphorylase 1; USP18: Ubiquitin specific peptidase 18; Nlrc5: NOD-like receptor family caspase recruitment domain family domain-containing 5; GAS: Gastrin; MTL: Motilin; p-NF-κB p65: Phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor P65; p-IKKα/β: Phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-b kinase alpha/beta; IκB-α: Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-b alpha; CD34: Cluster of differentiation 34; SS: Somatostatin; NOS: Nitric oxide synthase; ET: Endothelin; sIgA: Secretory immunoglobulin A; MPO: Myeloperoxidase; HRAS: Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; MDM2: Murine double minute 2; IL-18: Interleukin-18; Gli: Glioma-associated oncogene homolog; SMO: Smoothened; PGE2: prostaglandin E2; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1: Heme oxygenase 1.