Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 21, 2025; 31(7): 100051
Published online Feb 21, 2025. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i7.100051
Table 1 Characteristics of study participants, mean ± SD/n (%)
Variable
Colorectal cancer (n = 35)
Non-colorectal cancer (n = 24)
Total (n = 59)
P value
Age, median (minimum-maximum,)61 (18-79)47 (21-74)55 (18-79)0.002a
Age (yr)
< 302 (5.7)2 (8.3)4 (6.8)0.012a
30-392 (5.7)6 (25.0)8 (13.6)
40-491 (2.9)6 (25.0)7 (11.9)
50-5910 (28.6)4 (16.7)14 (23.7)
60-6913 (37.1)5 (20.8)18 (30.5)
≥ 707 (20.0)1 (4.2)8 (13.6)
Gender
Male22 (62.9)10 (41.7)32 (54.2)0.181
Female13 (37.1)14 (58.3)27 (45.8)
Body mass index (kg/m2)21.22 ± 3.2622.4 ± 4.2022.1 ± 3.680.222
Hypertension
Yes9 (25.7)3 (12.5)12 (20.3)0.326
No26 (74.3)21 (87.5)47 (79.7)
Diabetes mellitus
Yes5 (14.3)5 (20.8)10 (16.9)0.725
No30 (85.7)19 (79.2)49 (83.1)
Smoking history
Active smoker0 (0)3 (12.5)3 (5.1)0.075
Stopped smoking17 (48.6)8 (33.3)25 (42.4)
No smoking history18 (51.4)13 (54.2)31 (52.5)
Alcohol history
Yes7 (20)4 (16.7)11 (18.6)1.000
No28 (80)20 (83.3)48 (81.4)
Vegetable and fruit consumption
Almost never5 (14.3)6 (25.0)11 (18.6)0.569
1-2 servings per day26 (74.3)16 (66.7)42 (71.2)
3-4 servings per day4 (11.4)2 (8.3)6 (10.2)
Red meat consumption
< 100 g/day30 (85.7)24 (100.0)54 (91.5)0.073
100-105 g/day5 (14.3)0 (0.0)5 (8.5)
Instant food consumption
Never14 (40.0)9 (37.5)23 (39.0)0.579
1-2/month17 (48.6)9 (37.5)26 (44.1)
3-4/month2 (5.7)3 (12.5)5 (8.5)
2-3/week2 (5.7)3 (12.5)5 (8.5)
Grilled meat consumption
Rarely/never31 (88.6)19 (79.2)50 (84.7)0.464
1-2 servings per week4 (11.4)24 (20.8)9 (15.3)
Colorectal cancer stage
I4 (11.4)
II5 (14.3)
III15 (42.9)
IV11 (31.4)
Tumor location
Left (rectum, sigmoid, descending)28 (80)
Right (transversum, ascending, caecum)7 (20)
Non-colorectal cancer
Hemorrhoid12 (50.0)
Microscopic colitis4 (16.7)
NICE I polyps5 (20.8)
Irritable bowel syndrome3 (12.5)
Table 2 Comparison of gut microbiota composition based on phylum rank
Microbiota
Colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 35)
Non-colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 24)
P value
Adjusted P value
Firmicutes38.4 (4.8-78.9)42.1 (0.5-78.3)0.840.83
Proteobacteria21.5 (0.9-91.9)21.1 (2.67-95.6)0.460.90
Fusobacteria4.03 (0-56.9)0.06 (0-82.6)0.090.43
Bacteroidetes9.83 (0.2-36.9)11.0 (0.67-33.1)0.450.68
Table 3 Comparison of gut microbiota composition based on family rank
Microbiota
Colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 35)
Non-colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 24)
P value
Adjusted P value
Enterobacteriaceae6.53 (0-65.65)8.83 (0-63.87)0.550.94
Lachnospiraceae11.38 (0.32-61.55)9.57 (0.02-44.69)0.620.43
Oscillospiraceae4.72 (0.0149.15)21.29 (0.01-44.40)0.01a0.009a
Fusobacteriaceae4.03 (0-54.94)0.06 (0-82.59)0.180.69
Prevotellaceae1.94 (0-31.06)1.31 (0-28.43)0.650.16
Bacteroidaceae2.70 (0.01-16.19)2.46 (0-15.27)0.680.30
Veillonellaceae1.29 (0-27.40)0.56 (0-12.40)0.560.06
Clostridiaceae1.20 (0.02-10.15)0.65 (0.02-36.03)0.02a0.11
Table 4 Comparison of gut microbiota composition based on genus rank
Microbiota
Colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 35)
Non-colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 24)
P value
Adjusted P value
Fusobacterium4.12 (0-55.0)0.06 (0-82.6)0.170.67
Faecalibacterium1.15 (0-13.3)17.6 (0-41.8)< 0.001b< 0.001b
Citrobacter2.13 (0-23.5)3.32 (0-24.1)0.430.73
Prevotella1.48 (0-30.7)1.34 (0-21.2)0.560.17
Bacteroides2.11 (0-16.3)0.37 (0-7.70)0.02a0.03a
Clostridium0.63 (0-10.2)0.60 (0.02-36.3)0.900.48
Kluyvera0.82 (0-10.2)1.48 (0-11.7)0.450.62
Vescimonas0.48 (0-20.6)0.36 (0-5.34)0.130.21
Franconibacter0.69 (0-10.6)0.94 (0-6.22)0.610.85
Phocaeicola0.18 (0-6.27)1.28 (0-12.4)0.03a< 0.001b
Campylobacter0.06 (0-23.5)0 (0-0.05)< 0.001b< 0.001b
Klebsiella0.51 (0-5.90)0.41 (0-2.18)0.760.16
Haemophilus0.01 (0-5.02)0.34 (0-12.8)0.003a< 0.001b
Peptostreptococcus0.07 (0-9.41)0 (0-0.20)< 0.001b< 0.001b
Parvimonas0.06 (0-6.13)0 (0-0.24)< 0.001b0.005a
Table 5 Comparison of gut microbiota composition based on species rank
Microbiota
Colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 35)
Non-colorectal cancer, median (minimum-maximum) (n = 24)
P value
Adjusted P value
Citrobacter koseri2.49 (0-26.9)3.67 (0-26.7)0.510.83
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii0.20 (0-8.90)3.92 (0-17.5)0.001b< 0.001b
Prevotella copri0.02 (0-17.5)1.10 (0-19.6)0.04a0.003a
Bacteroides fragilis0.68 (0-15.2)0.03 (0-7.89)0.002a0.01a
Haemophilus parainfluenzae0 (0-5.38)0.37 (0-11.5)0.004a0.47
Fusobacterium nucleatum0.07 (0-44.6)0 (0-0.16)0.003a< 0.001b
Prevotella hominis0 (0-1.06)0.04 (0-1.31)0.050.14
Parvimonas micra0.01 (0-6.94)0 (0-0.27)0.001a0.07
Peptostreptococcus stomatis0.01 (0-9.81)0 (0-0.20)< 0.001b0.68
Enterococcus faecalis0 (0-12.3)0 (0-0.67)0.004a< 0.001b
Campylobacter hominis0 (0-5.45)0 (0-0.06)0.008a0.002a
Table 6 Comparison of microbiota diagnostic values
Parameters
Fusobacterium nucleatum
Bacteroides fragilis
Combination of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis
AUC (95%CI)0.727 (0.600-0.853)0.735 (0.607-0.862)0.786 (0.671-0.900)
P value0.0030.002< 0.001b
Cut-off value≥ 0.0117≥ 0.0836Fusobacterium nucleatum ≥ 0.0117; Bacteroides fragilis ≥ 0.0836
Sensitivity65.7 (47.8-80.9)68.6 (50.7-83.2)82.8 (66.4-93.4)
Specificity62.5 (40.6-81.9)66.7 (44.7-84.4)50 (29.1-70.9)
Positive likelihood ratio1.752.061.66
Negative likelihood ratio0.550.470.34
Positive predictive value71.9 (59.1-81.9)75.0 (62.1-84.7)70.7 (61.2-78.8)
Negative predictive value55.6 (41.8-68.5)59.3 (45.3-71.9)66.7 (46.6-82.1)
Accuracy64.4 (50.9-76.5)67.8 (54.4-79.4)69.5 (56.1-80.8)