Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: A cross-sectional study of all age groups

Table 1 Analysis of the demographic characteristics with Helicobacter pylori Infection, n (%)

Variables	Number	H. pylori-positive	H. pylori-negative	χ2	P value
Gender	4361
Male	1699	1214 (71.45)	485 (28.55)	0.599	0.439
Female	2662	1873 (70.36)	789 (29.64)
Age, years	4361
≤ 29	478	347 (72.59)	131 (27.41)	-2.601	0.009
30-39	615	450 (73.17)	165 (26.83)
40-49	855	610 (71.35)	245 (28.65)
50-59	1179	844 (71.59)	335 (28.41)
≥ 60	1234	836 (67.75)	398 (32.25)
Ethnicity	4361
Han	947	571 (60.30)	376 (39.70)	182.791	< 0.001
Uyghur	1650	1276 (77.33)	374 (22.27)
Kazak	1053	741 (70.37)	312 (29.63)
Hui	266	131 (49.25)	135 (50.75)
Kirgiz	200	155 (77.50)	45 (22.50)
Tajik	210	187 (89.05)	23 (10.95)
Other	35	26 (74.29)	9 (25.71)
Marriage	4177
Married	3629	2567 (70.74)	1062 (29.26)	3.136	0.371
Unmarried	359	263 (73.26)	96 (26.74)
Divorced	53	41 (77.36)	12 (22.64)
Widowed	136	91 (66.91)	45 (33.09)
Occupation	4361
Farmer	2201	1558 (70.79)	643 (29.21)	8.378	0.079
Herdsman	366	249 (68.03)	117 (31.97)
Clerk	655	458 (69.92)	197 (30.08)
Self-employed and freelance	335	225 (67.16)	110 (32.84)
Other	804	597 (74.25)	207 (25.75)
Family income (China Yuan)	3799
≤ 3000	2408	1747 (72.55)	661 (27.45)	-2.534	0.011
3000-6000	970	677 (69.79)	293 (30.21)
≥ 6000	421	282 (66.98)	139 (33.02)
Education level	3618
Primary education and below	1376	974 (70.78)	402 (29.22)	4.01	0.405
Junior high school	1024	740 (72.27)	284 (27.73)
Senior high school and secondary vocational school	534	378 (70.79)	156 (29.21)
Junior college and undergraduate	676	486 (71.89)	190 (28.11)
Postgraduate	8	8 (100)	0
BMI, kg/m2	4161
< 18.5	227	163 (71.81)	64 (28.19)	-0.081	0.935
18.5-23.9	1482	1042 (70.31)	440 (29.69)
24.0-27.9	1400	983 (70.21)	417 (29.79)
≥ 28	1052	746 (70.91)	306 (29.09)
Altitude of habitation (m)	4361
Low (< 1000)	2154	1482 (68.80)	672 (31.20)	-3.914	< 0.001
Medium (1000-2000)	1902	1348 (70.87)	554 (29.13)
Medium to high (2000-4000)	305	257 (84.26)	48 (15.74)

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 Correlation analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection with lifestyles and dietary habits, n (%)

Variables	Number	H. pylori-positive	H. pylori-negative	χ2	P value
Smoking	4361
Yes	660	465 (70.45)	195 (29.55)	0.041	0.839
No	3701	2622 (70.85)	1079 (29.15)
Drinking	4361
Yes	521	358 (68.71)	163 (31.29)	1.229	0.268
No	3840	2729 (71.07)	1111 (28.93)
Regular consumption of fruits	4267
Yes	2798	1973 (70.51)	825 (29.49)	0.318	0.573
No	1469	1048 (71.34)	421 (28.65)
Regular consumption of vegetables	4267
Yes	3782	2673 (70.68)	1109 (29.32)	0.241	0.624
No	485	348 (71.75)	137 (28.25)
Regular consumption of beef	3943
Yes	1472	1069 (72.62)	403 (27.38)	6.058	0.014
No	2471	1703 (68.92)	768 (31.08)
Regular consumption of mutton	4100
Yes	2882	2099 (72.83)	783 (27.17)	17.496	0
No	1218	808 (66.34)	410 (33.66)
Regular consumption of dairy products	4065
Yes	685	508 (74.16)	177 (25.84)	3.594	0.058
No	3380	2385 (70.56)	995 (29.44)
Regular consumption of dried nuts	3799
Yes	1558	1167 (74.90)	391 (25.10)	16.688	0
No	2241	1542 (68.81)	699 (31.19)
Regular consumption of spicy and strong-flavored foods	4016
Yes	751	520 (69.24)	231 (30.76)	2	0.185
No	3265	2340 (71.67)	925 (28.33)
Regular consumption of barbecued foods	3728
Yes	633	484 (76.46)	149 (23.54)	10.03	0.002
No	3095	2173 (70.21)	922 (29.79)
Frequent consumption of preserved meat	3747
Yes	259	202 (77.99)	57 (22.01)	5.937	0.015
No	3488	2473 (70.90)	1015 (29.10)
Used tableware in a mixed way	3740
Yes	2069	1508 (72.89)	561 (27.11)	6.797	0.009
No	1671	1153 (69.00)	518 (31.00)
Share dental sets	3698
Yes	159	108 (67.93)	51 (32.07)	0.811	0.368
No	3539	2521 (71.24)	1018 (28.76)
Drink river water	3812
Yes	235	193 (82.13)	42 (17.87)	13.734	0
No	3577	2535 (70.87)	1042 (29.13)
Eat regularly	3830
Yes	3103	514 (70.70)	213 (29.30)	0.272	0.602
No	727	2224 (71.67)	879 (28.33)
Engorgement	3834
Yes	401	274 (68.33)	127 (31.67)	2.198	0.138
No	3433	2467 (71.86)	966 (28.14)

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of Helicobacter pylori infection

Variable	OR	95%CI	P value
Altitude	1.219	1.068-1.392	0.003
Regular consumption of beef	1.327	1.115-1.580	0.001
Regular consumption of mutton	1.351	1.125-1.622	0.001
Regular consumption of dried nuts	1.225	1.035-1.451	0.019
Regular consumption of barbecue foods	1.380	1.084-1.757	0.009
Drink river water	2.062	1.374-3.094	0.000

OR: Odds ratio.