Retrospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Gastroenterol. Feb 28, 2024; 30(8): 863-880
Published online Feb 28, 2024. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i8.863
Table 1 Participant characteristics
Sarcopenia
Myosteatosis
Yes (n = 32)
No (n = 83)
P value
Yes (n = 32)
No (n = 83)
P value
Item, mean (SD)
    Age57.44 (11.18)57.40 (8.57)< 0.00162.31 (7.69)55.52 (9.24)0.001
    BMI19.88 (4.39)22.75 (3.07)< 0.00122.04 (3.85)21.91 (3.85)0.986
Sex, n (%)< 0.0010.703
    Male15 (46.9)74 (89.2)24 (75.0)65 (78.3)
    Female17 (53.1)9 (10.8)8 (25.0)18 (21.7)
Primary tumor site, n (%)0.900 0.640
    Upper 1/36 (18.8)13 (15.7)5 (15.6)14 (16.9)
    Middle 1/37 (21.9)23 (27.7)6 (18.8)24 (28.9)
    Low 1/318 (56.2)45 (54.2)20 (62.5)43 (51.8)
    Whole1 (3.1)2 (2.4)1 (3.1)2 (2.4)
Pathology, n (%)0.166 0.344
    Adenocarcinoma6 (18.8)22 (26.5)5 (15.6)23 (27.7)
    Others15 (15.6)4 (4.8)2 (6.3)7 (8.4)
    Unknown21 (65.6)57 (68.7)25 (78.1)53 (63.9)
TNM stage, n (%)0.608 0.141
    Ⅲ7 (21.9)22 (26.5)5 (15.6)24 (28.9)
    Ⅳ25 (78.1)61 (73.5)27 (84.4)59 (71.1)
PD-1, n (%)0.281 0.698
    Positive5 (15.6)5 (6.1)4 (12.5)6 (7.2)
    Negative2 (6.3)7 (8.4)2 (6.3)7 (8.4)
    Unknown25 (78.1)71 (85.5)26 (81.2)70 (84.4)
PD-L1, n (%)0.281 0.710
    Positive5 (15.6)5 (6.1)4 (12.5)6 (7.2)
    Negative2 (6.3)8 (8.4)2 (6.3)8 (9.6)
    Unknown25 (78.1)70 (85.5)26 (81.2)69 (83.2)
AFP, n (%)0.702 0.221
    < 2.92 ng/mL19 (59.4)46 (55.4)21 (65.6)44 (53.0)
    ≥ 2.92 ng/mL13 (40.6)37 (44.6)11 (34.4)39 (47.0)
CEA, n (%)0.933 0.315
    < 4.24 ng/mL9 (28.1)24 (28.9)7 (21.9)26 (31.3)
    ≥ 4.24 ng/mL23 (71.9)59 (71.1)25 (78.1)57 (68.7)
CA199, n (%)0.859 0.295
    < 17.63 U/L21 (65.6)53 (63.9)23 (71.9)51 (61.4)
    ≥ 17.63 U/L11 (34.4)30 (36.1)9 (28.1)32 (38.6)
CA724, n (%)0.704 0.955
    < 4.40 U/L20 (62.5)55 (66.3)21 (65.6)54 (65.1)
    ≥ 4.40 U/L12 (37.5)28 (33.7)11 (34.4)29 (34.9)
CA125Ⅱ, n (%)0.811 0.756
    < 21.94 U/L26 (81.3)69 (83.1)27 (81.9)68 (84.4)
    ≥ 21.94 U/L6 (18.8)14 (16.9)5 (18.1)15 (15.6)
Sarcopenia, n (%)0.057
    Yes13 (59.4)19 (22.9)
    No19 (40.6)64 (77.1)
Myosteatosis, n (%)0.057
    Yes13 (40.6)19 (22.9)
    NO19 (59.4)64 (77.1)
1Others comprised mucinous carcinoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, and mixed carcinoma. BMI: Body mass index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; CA724: Carbohydrate antigen 724; CA125II: Carbohydrate antigen 125II; PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1.
Table 2 Laboratory data for the participants, n (%)
Item, mean (SD)Sarcopenia
P value
Myosteatosis
P value
Yes (n = 32)
No (n = 83)
Yes (n = 32)
No (n = 83)
ALT (U/L)20.31 (16.87)22.89 (21.41)0.404 20.07 (15.82)22.98 (21.70)0.660
AST (U/L)27.41 (23.12)25.99 (18.25)0.954 29.84 (28.16)25.05 (15.15)0.831
γ-GGT (U/L)66.22 (159.76)60.37 (88.60)0.378 97.19 (174.69)48.43 (72.81)0.067
ALP (U/L)115.02 (109.27)114.35 (67.34)0.216 116.33 (66.18)113.84 (85.98)0.651
TBIL (µmol/L)14.47 (9.57)14.44 (8.10)0.584 14.56 (9.70)14.40 (8.04)0.350
DBIL (µmol/L)3.69 (4.51)3.18 (2.43)0.476 3.49 (3.51)3.26 (3.00)0.627
IDBIL (µmol/L)10.79 (5.90)11.26 (6.19)0.554 11.08 (6.65)11.15 (5.90)0.438
TP (g/L)70.80 (7.83)68.31 (7.55)0.077 69.42 (7.63)68.84 (7.74)0.798
ALB (g/L)39.45 (4.70)38.61 (6.41)0.189 37.44 (4.50)39.38 (6.40)0.053
GLOB (g/L)31.30 (4.86)30.15 (5.00)0.184 31.93 (4.76)29.91 (4.96)0.047
PALB (g/L)200.44 (66.25)210.51 (65.47)0.640 182.16 (59.81)217.55 (65.33)0.010
Urea (mmol/L)5.75 (1.89)5.94 (1.63)0.501 6.31 (1.98)5.73 (1.56)0.182
CREA (µmol/L)72.00 (15.17)79.40 (16.50)0.013 78.78 (15.45)76.78 (16.83)0.375
UA (µmol/L)297.28 (88.63)316.28 (92.69)0.169 318.66 (92.09)308.04 (91.78)0.636
LDH (U/L)229.03 (204.48)233.55 (213.03)0.836 301.75 (274.39)205.52 (173.55)0.012
WBC (109/L)7.28 (3.82)7.59 (5.32)0.769 7.58 (3.60)7.48 (5.39)0.280
NEU (109/L)4.91 (3.57)4.72 (2.17)0.658 5.26 (3.36)4.59 (2.26)0.208
Lym (109/L)1.69 (0.58)1.60 (0.56)0.476 1.57 (0.53)1.65 (0.58)0.493
Mono (109/L)0.47 (0.22)0.53 (0.21)0.150 0.55 (0.18)0.49 (0.22)0.113
Eosi (109/L)0.12 (0.13)0.13 (0.11)0.173 0.13 (0.10)0.12 (0.12)0.364
Baso (109/L)0.03 (0.02)0.02 (0.01)0.145 0.03 (0.02)0.02 (0.01)0.276
Hb (g/L)124.03 (21.17)126.69 (27.63)0.575 121.03 (30.31)127.85 (23.97)0.245
RBC (1012/L)4.19 (0.66)4.45 (0.73)0.103 4.26 (0.80)4.42 (0.68)0.363
Plt (109/L)255.41 (98.83)256.23 (91.47)0.967 279.75 (110.41)246.84 (84.53)0.213
Fbg (g/L)3.67 (0.98)4.04 (2.78)0.902 4.78 (4.13)3.61 (1.14)0.051
DDi (mg/L)1.54 (2.90)1.28 (2.14)0.135 1.83 (3.18)1.17 (1.96)0.002
ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; γ-GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; IDBIL: Indirect bilirubin; TP: Total protein; ALB: Albumin; GLOB: Globulin; PALB: Pre-albumin; Urea: Urea nitrogen; CREA: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; WBC: White blood cell count; NEU: Neutrophil count; Lym: Lymphocyte count; Mono: Monocyte count; Eosi: Eosinophil count; Baso: Basophil count; Hb: Hemoglobin; RBC: Red blood cell count; Plt: Platelet count; Fbg: Fibrinogen; DDi: D-dimer.
Table 3 Results of the univariate and multivariate analyses to identify parameters predictive of progression-free survival and overall survival
Parameters
OS
PFS
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
Hazard ratio (95%CI)
P value
Hazard ratio (95%CI)
P value
Hazard ratio (95%CI)
P value
Hazard ratio (95%CI)
P value
ALT (U/L)1.191 (0.680-2.088)0.541 1.312 (0.748-2.301)0.343
AST (U/L)3.316 (0.457-24.065)0.236 4.063 (0.560-29.469)0.165
γ-GGT (U/L)0.914 (0.522-1.601)0.753 0.907 (0.511-1.610)0.739
ALP (U/L)1.673 (0.933-2.998)0.084 1.962 (1.096-3.513)0.0231.540 (0.722-3.282)0.264
TBIL (µmol/L)1.578 (0.861-2.893)0.140 2.108 (1.155-3.848)0.015 3.752 (1.104-12.750)0.034
DBIL (µmol/L)1.245 (0.705-2.197)0.450 1.337 (0.763-2.343)0.310
IDBIL (µmol/L)1.383 (0.785-2.434)0.261 1.870 (1.066-3.281)0.0290.847 (0.276-2.603)0.772
TP (g/L)0.389 (0.165-0.917)0.031 0.310 (0.126-0.765)0.011 0.502 (0.214-1.179)0.114
ALB (g/L)0.985 (0.542-1.791)0.961 1.212 (0.667-2.201)0.528
GLOB (g/L)0.380 (0.118-1.223)0.105 0.345 (0.107-1.114)0.075
PALB (g/L)0.518 (0.293-0.915)0.024 0.757 (0.414-1.384)0.366 0.524 (0.299-0.919)0.0240.560 (0.288-1.088)0.087
Urea (mmol/L)0.693 (0.362-1.328)0.269 0.711 (0.369-1.368)0.307
CREA (µmol/L)0.882 (0.486-1.600)0.679 1.007 (0.557-1.822)0.981
UA (µmol/L)0.571 (0.256-1.275)0.172 0.641 (0.284-1.446)0.284
LDH (U/L)1.094 (0.556-2.152)0.794 1.056 (0.543-2.051)0.873
WBC (109/L)1.500 (0.835-2.696)0.175 1.450 (0.809-2.598)0.212
NEU (109/L)1.352 (0.728-2.512)0.339 1.334 (0.719-2.475)0.360
Lym (109/L)0.581 (0.323-1.043)0.069 0.555 (0.308-0.998)0.0490.692 (0.345-1.391)0.301
Mono (109/L)0.727 (0.418-1.262)0.257 0.730 (0.421-1.267)0.264
Eosi (109/L)3.205 (1.520-6.758)0.002 2.398 (1.116-5.153)0.025 2.856 (1.374-5.936)0.0053.022 (1.341-6.809)0.008
Baso (109/L)1.151 (0.656-2.019)0.625 1.408 (0.797-2.489)0.239
Hb (g/L)1.062 (0.604-1.866)0.835 1.010 (0.576-1.772)0.973
RBC (1012/L)0.951 (0.542-1.667)0.860 0.946 (0.538-1.666)0.849
Plt (109/L)0.578 (0.308-1.085)0.088 0.590 (0.314-1.110)0.102
Fbg (g/L)0.044 (0.000-12.949)0.282 0.44 (0.000-7.917)0.238
DDi (mg/L)1.906 (0.978-3.715)0.058 1.883 (0.978-3.627)0.058
AFP ng/mL0.830 (0.473-1.454)0.514 0.871 (0.496-1.529)0.631
CEA ng/mL1.507 (0.796-2.855)0.208 1.175 (0.622-2.219)0.620
CA199 U/L1.605 (0.927-2.780)0.091 1.756 (1.015-3.037)0.0441.395 (0.719-2.706)0.325
CA724 U/L2.051 (1.176-3.578)0.011 2.459 (1.334-4.534)0.004 1.846 (1.055-3.228)0.032 1.951 (1.056-3.606)0.033
CA125 II U/L2.408 (1.294-4.482)0.006 2.763 (1.302-5.862)0.008 2.735 (1.445-5.179)0.0022.419 (1.094-5.348)0.029
BMI (kg/m2)0.533 (0.309-0.921)0.024 1.165 (0.584-2.322)0.665 0.467 (0.268-0.815)0.0071.232 (0.581-2.610)0.586
Age (< 53.50 vs ≥ 53.50)0.978 (0.550-1.737)0.939 1.276 (0.721-2.256)0.403
Sex (Male vs Female)1.288 (0.689-2.410)0.428 1.275 (0.682-2.385)0.447
TNM stage (Ⅲ vs Ⅳ)1.586 (0.820-3.067)0.170 2.044 (1.031-4.052)0.0412.313 (1.007-5.317)0.048
Sarcopenia (Yes vs No)2.896 (1.670-5.021)< 0.0013.569 (1.808-7.045)< 0.0013.021 (1.737-5.253)< 0.0014.036 (1.959-8.316)< 0.001
Myosteatosis (Yes vs No)2.662 (1.357-5.225)0.0043.172 (1.471-6.839)0.003 2.104 (1.118-3.962)0.0212.624 (1.256-5.483)0.010
ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; γ-GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; IDBIL: Indirect bilirubin; TP: Total protein; ALB: Albumin; GLOB: Globulin; PALB: Pre-albumin; Urea: Urea nitrogen; CREA: Creatinine; UA: Uric acid; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; WBC: White blood cell count; NEU: Neutrophil count; Lym: Lymphocyte count; Mono: Monocyte count; Eosi: Eosinophil count; Baso: Basophil count; Hb: Hemoglobin; RBC: Red blood cell count; Plt: Platelet count; Fbg: Fibrinogen; DDi: D-dimer; PFS: Progression-free survival; OS: Overall survival.