Prevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in community households in Lanzhou city

Table 1 Demographic information and Helicobacter pylori infection status of enrolled individuals, n (%)

Variables	H. pylori-infected1	H. pylori uninfected	aP value	New H. pylori-infected2	New H. pylori uninfected	bP value
Gender
Female	105 (47.3)	117 (52.7)		18 (18.0)	82 (82.0)
Male	139 (46.8)	158 (53.2)	0.829	37 (26.2)	104 (73.8)	0.100
Age (years)
≤ 18	14 (25.5)	41 (74.5)		5 (13.5)	32 (86.5)
≤ 39	79 (46.2)	92 (53.8)	0.010	19 (23.5)	62 (76.5)	0.251
≤ 59	77 (49.0)	80 (51.0)	0.004	18 (25.0)	54 (75.0)	0.167
≥ 60	74 (54.4)	62 (45.6)	0.001	13 (25.5)	38 (74.5)	0.233
Body mass index (kg/m2)
< 18.5	15 (29.4)	36 (70.6)		3 (9.1)	30 (90.0)
18.5-23.9	132 (46.6)	151 (53.4)	0.034	30 (23.3)	99 (76.7)	0.105
24-27.9	76 (50.7)	74 (49.3)	0.017	18 (26.9)	49 (73.1)	0.048
> 28	21 (60.0)	14 (40.0)	0.011	4 (33.3)	8 (66.7)	0.117
Nationality
The Han nationality	238 (46.9)	269 (53.1)		49 (20.0)	186 (79.1)
Others	6 (50.0)	6 (50.0)	0.721	6 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0.986
Marital status
Unmarried	46 (40.0)	69 (60.0)		11 (17.7)	51 (82.3)
Married	198 (49.0)	206 (51.0)	0.127	44 (24.6)	135 (75.4)	0.248
Education level
Junior high school and below	65 (47.1)	73 (52.9)		16 (24.6)	49 (75.4)
High school or technical school	59 (47.2)	66 (52.8)	0.994	14 (25.0)	42 (75.0)	0.757
Junior college	59 (47.2)	66 (52.8)	0.790	15 (25.4)	44 (74.6)	0.977
College and above	61 (46.6)	70 (53.4)	0.975	10 (16.4)	51 (83.6)	0.295
Occupation
Blue collar	46 (43.8)	59 (56.2)		18 (32.7)	37 (67.3)
White collar	78 (45.3)	94 (54.7)	0.765	15 (19.2)	63 (80.8)	0.116
Student	14 (26.9)	38 (73.1)	0.057	4 (11.8)	30 (88.2)	0.057
Unemployed people	106 (55.8)	84 (44.2)	0.069	18 (24.3)	56 (75.7)	0.494
Family size
2	103 (54.8)	85 (45.2)		14 (17.7)	65 (82.3)
3	82 (42.7)	110 (57.3)	0.035	18 (18.8)	78 (81.3)	0.952
Four and above	59 (42.4)	80 (57.6)	0.049	23 (34.8)	43 (65.2)	0.088
Family structure3
Couple's family	62 (54.4)	52 (45.6)		5 (10.4)	43 (89.6)
Nuclear family	35 (40.2)	52 (59.8)	0.081	6 (13.6)	38 (86.4)	0.795
Immediate family	51 (45.5)	61 (54.5)	0.243	12 (25.5)	35 (74.5)	0.149
United States family	34 (47.9)	37 (52.1)	0.433	10 (28.6)	25 (71.4)	0.109
Others	62 (45.9)	73 (54.1)	0.270	22 (32.8)	45 (67.2)	0.022
Household income (renminbi)
< 10000	62 (48.1)	67 (51.9)		9 (15.5)	49 (84.5)
10000-30000	78 (52.0)	72 (48.0)	0.569	19 (29.7)	45 (70.3)	0.158
> 30000	104 (43.3)	136 (56.7)	0.466	27 (22.7)	92 (77.3)	0.567
Annual household living area (m2)
≤ 30	51 (46.4)	59 (53.6)		8 (15.1)	45 (84.9)
30-60	88 (47.6)	97 (52.4)	0.810	18 (20.7)	69 (79.3)	0.422
≥ 60	105 (46.9)	119 (53.1)	0.822	29 (28.7)	72 (71.3)	0.092

^aP value was calculated by univariate logistic regression of the infected individuals, P < 0.05 indicates that infection risk increased/decreased significantly compared with the reference groups.

^bP value was calculated by univariate logistic regression of the new infected individuals, P < 0.05 indicates that new infection risk increased/decreased significantly compared with the reference groups.

¹H. pylori-infected: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected individuals were infected in 2021.

²New H. pylori-infected: New H. pylori-infected individuals were not infected in 2021 but were infected in 2023.

³Family structure refers to the relationships between the family members who make up the family. The couple's family is composed of only two individuals: A husband and a wife. The nuclear family is a family composed of parents and unmarried children. Immediate family is a family consisting of two or more generations of married couples, with no more than one couple per generation and no intergenerational gap between them. A United States family refers to a family in which any generation contains two or more couples. Others include single-parent families, intergenerational families, cohabiting families, homosexual families, and single families.

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 2 Household Helicobacter pylori infection status and risk factors, n (%)

Variables	Infected household (147)1	Uninfected household (44)2	Crude OR	95%CI	aP value		Adjusted OR	95%CI	bP value
Family structure3
Couple's family	43 (75.4)	14 (24.6)	Reference
Nuclear family	22 (78.6)	6 (21.4)	1.19	0.40-3.54	0.749
Immediate family	26 (81.3)	6 (18.8)	1.41	0.48-4.13	0.530
United States families	16 (88.8)	2 (11.1)	2.61	0.53-12.76	0.238
Others	40 (71.4)	16 (28.6)	0.81	0.35-1.88	0.630
Family size
2	69 (73.4)	25 (26.6)	Reference
3	49 (76.6)	15 (23.4)	0.38	0.12-1.19	0.097
Four and above	29 (87.9)	4 (12.1)	0.45	0.14-1.49	0.191
Household income (renminbi)
< 10000	41 (80.4)	10 (19.6)	Reference
10000-30000	49 (76.6)	15 (23.4)	0.80	0.32-1.96	0.621
> 30000	57 (75.0)	19 (25.0)	0.73	0.31-1.74	0.479
Annual household living area (m2)
≤ 30	29 (96.7)	1 (3.3)	Reference				Reference
30-60	61 (72.6)	23 (27.4)	0.09	0.01-0.71	0.022		0.09	0.01-0.71	0.022
≥ 60	57 (74.0)	20 (26.0)	0.10	0.01-0.77	0.027		0.10	0.01-0.77	0.027
Household hygiene
Good	100 (76.3)	31 (23.7)	Reference
Fair or poor	47 (78.3)	13 (21.7)	1.12	0.54-2.34	0.761
Eating habits
Individual dining	8 (80.0)	2 (20.0)	Reference
Dish sharing	83 (73.5)	30 (26.5)	0.69	0.14-3.44	0.653
Both of the above	56 (82.4)	12 (17.6)	1.17	0.22-6.20	0.856
Use cleaning agents or detergent to clean tableware
Frequently	39 (79.6)	10 (20.4)	Reference
Everyday	108 (76.1)	34 (23.9)	0.81	0.37-1.80	0.613
Sharing drinking cup
Rarely	111 (76.0)	35 (24.0)	Reference
Frequently	36 (80.0)	9 (20.0)	1.26	0.55-2.87	0.581
Sharing dental equipment
Rarely	135 (77.1)	40 (22.9)	Reference
Frequently	12 (75.0)	4 (25.0)	0.89	0.27-2.91	0.846
Sharing towels
Rarely	130 (76.5)	40 (23.5)	Reference
Frequently	17 (81.0)	4 (19.0)	1.31	0.42-4.11	0.646
Sharing tableware
Rarely	69 (73.4)	25 (26.6)	Reference
Frequently	78 (80.4)	19 (19.6)	1.49	0.75-2.93	0.252
Source of drinking water
Tap water	73 (73.7)	26 (26.3)	Reference
Purified water	74 (80.4)	18 (19.6)	1.46	0.74-2.90	0.273
Storage methods for leftover food
Put it in the fridge	120 (76.9)	36 (23.1)	Reference
Room temperature	17 (81.0)	4 (19.0)	1.28	0.40-4.03	0.679
Throw away	10 (71.4)	4 (28.6)	0.75	0.22-2.54	0.643

^aP value was calculated by univariate logistic regression, P < 0.05 indicates that infection risk increased/decreased significantly compared with the reference groups.

^bP value was calculated by multivariate logistic regression and was adjusted with items of P < 0.05 in univariate logistic regression.

¹Infected household is defined as a household with at least one Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-infected family member.

²Uninfected household is defined as a household without any H. pylori-infected family member.

³Family structure refers to the relationships between the family members who make up the family. The couple's family is composed of only two individuals: A husband and a wife. The nuclear family is a family composed of parents and unmarried children. Immediate family is a family consisting of two or more generations of married couples, with no more than one couple per generation and no intergenerational gap between them. A United States family refers to a family in which any generation contains two or more couples. Others include single-parent families, intergenerational families, cohabiting families, homosexual families, and single families.

OR: Odds ratio; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.

Table 3 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with individual-based Helicobacter pylori infection

Model	Intercept and variables	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Fixed effect	Intercept	0.53	0.21-1.35	0.184
	Age (years)
	≤ 18	Reference
	≤ 39	1.68	0.75-3.75	0.207
	≤ 59	1.74	0.76-4.02	0.193
	≥ 60	1.97	0.82-4.71	0.127
	Body mass index (kg/m2)
	< 18.5	Reference
	18.5-23.9	2.25	0.80-6.31	0.123
	24-27.9	1.28	0.56-2.95	0.557
	> 28	1.19	0.55-2.61	0.656
	Family size
	2	Reference
	3	0.69	0.43-1.12	0.134
	Four and above	0.64	0.37-1.11	0.114
	Eating too hot food
	Never	Reference
	Occasionally	1.14	0.73-1.79	0.563
	Every day or often	2.11	1.09-4.11	0.027
	Consumption of nuts
	Never	Reference
	Occasionally	0.56	0.36-0.88	0.013
	Every day or often	0.45	0.22-0.92	0.03
	Heartburn
	Never or rarely	Reference
	Often or occasionally	1.00	0.64-1.57	0.993
	Abdominal distension
	Never or rarely	Reference
	Often or occasionally	1.07	0.64-1.80	0.791
	Halitosis
	Never or rarely	Reference
	Often or occasionally	1.70	1.06-2.72	0.028
Random effect	Level 2			0.055
	Level 1 (scale parameters)

P value was calculated by multivariate analysis utilizing generalized linear mixed models and was adjusted with items of P < 0.05 in univariate logistic regression.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with new individual-based Helicobacter pylori infection

Model	Intercept and variables	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Fixed effect	Intercept	0.13	0.01-1.56	0.107
	Body mass index (kg/m2)
	< 18.5	Reference
	18.5-23.9	2.80	0.64-12.27	0.171
	24-27.9	4.33	0.89-21.06	0.069
	> 28	6.71	0.87-51.80	0.068
	Family structure
	Couple's family	Reference
	Nuclear family	1.53	0.29-7.98	0.612
	Immediate family	3.43	0.80-14.71	0.097
	United States family	3.61	0.78-16.78	0.101
	Others	7.18	1.83-28.13	0.005
	Source of drinking water
	Tap water	Reference
	Purified water	3.08	1.34-7.10	0.008
	Using a refrigerator at home
	No	Reference
	Yes	0.11	0.02-0.75	0.025
	Eating regularly and on time
	Often or occasionally	Reference
	Every day	0.47	0.22-1.02	0.056
	Heartburn
	Never or rarely	Reference
	Often or occasionally	3.21	1.35-7.64	0.009
Random effect	Level 2			0.062
	Level 1 (scale parameters)

P value was calculated by multivariate analysis utilizing generalized linear mixed models and was adjusted with items of P < 0.05 in univariate logistic regression.