Insights from exploring the interrelated dynamics of gallstone disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and kidney stone disease

Table 1 Previous studies on the connections among gallstone disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and kidney stone disease

Disease connection	Shared risk factors	Pathophysiological mechanisms	Ref.
GSD and NAFLD	Obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome	Cholesterol metabolism, systemic inflammation	Marcuccilli and Chonchol[27], Di Ciaula et al[28], Chen et al[29]
GSD and KSD	Obesity, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia	Dyslipidemia, altered bile acid metabolism	Chen et al[29], Shaffer[30]
NAFLD and KSD	Obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance	Systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, calcium handling	Marcuccilli and Chonchol[27]

GSD: Gallstone disease; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; KSD: Kidney stone disease.