Improving early diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 by assessing the gastrointestinal symptoms, hypercalcemia, and elevated serum gastrin

Table 1 Challenges in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 diagnosis and suggestions for improvement

Challenge	Description	Suggestions for improvement
Nonspecific symptoms	MEN1 often presents with vague symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue	Increase clinical awareness and consider MEN1 in differential diagnosis for patients with these symptoms
Overlap with common conditions	Symptoms such as hypercalcemia and gastrointestinal issues can be mistaken for more common diseases	Encourage routine screening for MEN1 markers in patients with persistent symptoms
Genetic testing accessibility	Limited access to genetic testing in some regions hinders early diagnosis	Expand genetic testing programs and offer counseling to at-risk individuals and their families
Delayed diagnosis	MEN1 diagnosis is often delayed due to its rarity and complex presentation	Implement standardized protocols for early screening and referral to specialized centers
Multisystem involvement	MEN1 affects multiple endocrine glands, complicating diagnosis, and management	Foster a multidisciplinary approach to care, involving endocrinologists, surgeons, and geneticists
Inconsistent surveillance practices	Variation in follow-up and surveillance across institutions	Establish uniform guidelines for ongoing monitoring and management of patients with MEN1
Psychosocial impact	The diagnosis of MEN1 can lead to significant psychological stress for patients	Provide mental health support and counseling services as part of comprehensive care

MEN1: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.