Portal hypertension in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Current knowledge and challenges

Table 1 Principal intrahepatic causes of portal hypertension (adapted based on references[1,9])

Pre-sinusoidal	Sinusoidal	Post-sinusoidal
Developmental abnormalities:	Fibrosis in the space of Disse:	Granulomatous phlebitis:
Adult polycystic liver disease	Metabolic cause: non-alcohol-associated fatty liver disease, Zellweger syndrome	Mycobacterium avium infection
Congenital hepatic fibrosis	Inflammatory cause: schistosomiasis, viral hepatitis B and C, chronic Q fever, cytomegalovirus	Mycobacterium intracellular infection
Arteriovenous fistulas	Induced by drugs or toxins: amiodarone, methotrexate, alcohol, vinyl chloride, copper	Sarcoidosis
Porto-sinusoidal vascular disease:	Early alcohol-associated liver disease (defenestration)	Primary vascular malignancies:
Idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension		Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma
		Angiosarcoma
Granulomatous liver disease:	Microvesicular steatosis hypertrophied hepatocytes	Phlebosclerosis of hepatic veins:
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)		Alcohol-associated liver disease
Mineral oil granuloma		Chronic radiation injury
Sarcoidosis		Hypervitaminosis A
Biliary diseases:	Infiltrative diseases:	Lipogranulomas:
Autoimmune cholangiopathy	Idiopathic myeloid metaplasia	Mineral oil granuloma
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Gaucher disease
Toxic biliary injury	Mastocytosis
Biliary cholangitis
Neoplastic occlusion of the intrahepatic portal vein	Amyloid or light-chain deposition in the space of Disse	Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome
	Acute hepatic injury	Budd-Chiari syndrome