Positive health: An integrated quantitative approach in patients with chronic gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary disorders

Table 1 Data on bodily function scores in the 235 patients with chronic gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary disorders

Bodily functions	GI-HPB patients	Healthy controls
Patient characteristics	n = 235	n = 215
Age, years	50.2 (17.4)b	44.5 (10.0)
Sex, female	68.1%	61.4%
BMI, kg/m2	25.6 (6.3)a	24.0 (3.8)
GSRS, mean (SD)
Reflux	2.24 (1.68)b	1.22 (0.53)
Abdominal pain	3.15 (1.39)b	1.65 (0.71)
Indigestion	3.48 (1.47)b	2.00 (0.89)
Diarrhoea	3.02 (1.72)b	1.41 (0.63)
Constipation	2.82 (1.61)b	1.61 (0.85)
SNAQ, n (%)
0-1	125 (54.3)
2: Moderately malnourished	55 (23.9)
≥ 3: Severely malnourished	50 (21.7)

^aP < 0.01, indicate that characteristics of the gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary patients are significantly different from the Maastricht irritable bowel syndrome healthy control group with respect to age and body mass index and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale symptom scores.

^bP < 0.001, indicate that characteristics of the gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary patients are significantly different from the Maastricht irritable bowel syndrome healthy control group with respect to age and body mass index and Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale symptom scores.

SNAQ: Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire; GI-HPB: Gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary; GSRS: Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale.

Table 2 Mental well-being scored with patient health questionnaire-9, generalized anxiety disorder-7 and short form-36 mental health subscale, measured in 235 patients with chronic gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary disorders, n (%)

Mental well-being	GI-HPB patients, n = 235	Norm score of Dutch population
PHQ total
0–9	149 (65.1)
10–max	80 (34.9)
GAD 7 total
0–9	178 (78.4)
10–max	49 (21.6)
SF-36
Mental Health, mean (SD)	68.5 (21.2)b	76.8

^bP < 0.001.

Data on Short Form-36 Mental Health are given as mean (SD). PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; SF-36: Short Form-36; GI-HPB: Gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary.

Table 3 Quality of life measured with EuroQol and the short form-36 vitality and general perception of health subscales in 235 patients with chronic gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary disorders and norm scores for the Dutch population

Quality of life	GI-HPB patients, n = 235	Norm score of Dutch population
EQ-5D-5L
VAS, mean (SD)	58.7 (23.1)b	81.0
Crosswalk, value mean (SD)	0.66 (0.26)b	0.91
SF-36
Vitality, mean (SD)	42.2 (26.2)b	67.4
General perception of health, mean (SD)	38.4 (21.3)b	72.7

^bP < 0.001.

EQ-5D-5L: EuroQol; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; SF-36: Short Form-36; GI-HPB: Gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary.

Table 4 Participation scored by the short form-36 social functioning, physical role limitations and emotional role limitations subscales, and by work status in a group of 235 patients with chronic gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary disorders

Participation	GI-HPB patients, n = 235	Norm score of Dutch population
SF-36, mean (SD)
Social functioning	60.1 (30.5)b	86.9
Physical role limitations	39.9 (43.2)b	79.4
Emotional role limitations	68.7 (42.6)b	84.1
Work, n (%)
Working age (18-66 years)	191 (81.3)
At work if working age (18-66 years)	103 (54)b	70%

^bP < 0.001.

GI-HPB: Gastrointestinal and hepato-pancreatico-biliary; SF-36: Short Form-36.