Three-dimensional visualization technology for guiding one-step percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic lithotripsy for the treatment of complex hepatolithiasis

Table 1 Comparison of the preoperative data between the two groups, n (%)

Variables	3D-PTOBF (n = 70)	PTOBF (n = 70)	P value
Age (year)	50.5 ± 17.3	49.0 ± 17.2	0.608
Sex
Male	24 (34.3)	30 (42.9)	0.298
Female	46 (65.7)	40 (57.1)
TBIL (mmol/L)	33.9 ± 32.9	30.8 ± 33.6	0.581
DBIL (mmol/L)	13.3 ± 18.1	13.4 ± 20.3	0.990
ALT (U/L)	59.9 ± 61.7	56.5 ± 57.0	0.791
γ-GGT (U/L)	210.6 ± 262.2	238.0 ± 236.3	0.517
ALB (g/L)	39.3 ± 6.4	37.6 ± 5.8	0.105
PT (second)	14.2 ± 4.5	13.5 ± 1.0	0.174
Child-Pugh score
Grade A	67 (95.7)	58 (82.9)	0.014
Grade B	3 (4.3)	12 (17.1)
Stone location
S1	1 (1.4)	2 (2.9)	0.559
S2	9 (12.9)	12 (17.1)	0.478
S3	11 (15.7)	13 (18.6)	0.654
S4	17 (24.3)	23 (32.9)	0.262
S5	4 (5.7)	5 (7.1)	0.730
S6	12 (17.1)	12 (17.1)	1.0
S7	8 (11.4)	16 (22.9)	0.137
S8	12 (17.1)	17 (24.3)	0.297
Common bile duct	23 (32.9)	13 (18.6)	0.053
Biliary stricture Location
S1	0	0	1.0
S2	1 (1.4)	8 (11.4)	0.008
S3	8 (11.4)	12 (17.1)	0.334
S4	14 (20.0)	14 (20.0)	1.0
S5	4 (5.7)	6 (8.5)	0.512
S6	11 (15.7)	6 (8.5)	0.196
S7	6 (8.6)	3 (4.2)	0.301
S8	7 (10.0)	8 (11.4)	0.785
Bilio-enteric anastomosis	12 (17.1)	21 (30.0)	0.073
Common bile duct	25 (35.7)	5 (7.1)	0.001

TBIL: Total bilirubin; DBIL: Direct bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; γ-GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALB: Albumin; PT: Prothrombin time; 3D: Three-dimensional; PTOBF: Percutaneouas transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation.

Table 2 Patient outcomes, n (%)

Variables	3D-PTOBF (n = 70)	PTOBF (n = 70)	P value
Operation time (minute)	55.2 ± 34.0	59.8 ± 37.8	0.448
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)	26.5 ± 52.1	16.4 ± 13.4	0.117
Immediate stone clearance ratio	62 (88.6)	19 (27.1)	0.000a
Complications	6 (8.6)	29 (41.4)	0.000a
Hemobilia	1 (1.4)	2 (2.9)	0.559
Pulmonary infection	2 (2.9)	4 (5.7)	0.384
Cholangitis	2 (2.9)	14 (20.0)	0.001
Pleural effusion	1 (1.4)	9 (12.9)	0.009

^aP < 0.001.

3D: Three-dimensional; PTOBF: Percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation.

Table 3 Long-term results, n (%)

Variables	3D-PTOBF (n = 70)	PTOBF (n = 70)	P value
Follow-up time	498.0 ± 373.5	1031.3 ± 573.0	0.000a
Final stone clearance ratio	54 (77.1)	55 (78.6)	0.839
Stricture resolution ratio	68 (97.1)	55 (78.6)	0.001
Number of operations	3.0 ± 1.5	2.9 ± 1.8	0.535
Stone recurrence	5 (7.1)	27 (38.6)	0.000a
Reoperation rate	1 (1.4)	9 (12.9)	0.009
Late complications	9 (12.9)	9 (12.9)	1.0
Cholangitis	8 (11.4)	7 (10.0)	0.785
Liver failure	1 (1.4)	2 (2.9)	0.559

^aP < 0.001.

3D: Three-dimensional; PTOBF: Percutaneous transhepatic one-step biliary fistulation.