Role of gut-liver axis and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Table 1 Changes in the gut microbiome in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Increase	Decrease
Genus/species (phylum)	Genus/species (phylum)
Anaerobacter (Firmicutes)	Akkermansia muciniphila (Verrucomicrobiota)
Clostridium (Firmicutes)	Alistipes (Bacteroidetes)
Desulfovibrio (Thermodesulfobacteriota)	Bifidobacterium (Actinomycetota)
Enterobacter (Proteobacteria)	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Firmicutes)
Escherichia (Proteobacteria)	Flavonifractor (Firmicutes)
Fusobacterium (Fusobacteriota)	Lactobacillus (Firmicutes)
Mucispirillum (Deferribacterota)	Odoribacter (Bacteroidetes)
Peptoniphilus (Firmicutes)	Oscillibacter (Firmicutes)
Ruminococcus (Firmicutes)	Prevotella (Bacteroidetes)
Streptococcus (Firmicutes)	Rikenellaceae (Bacteroidetes)

Table 2 The influence of the type of treatment on the comparison of gut microbiota

Bacteria levels	GLP-1 RAs	GLP-1/GLP-2 RA	Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
Increase	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bacteroidetes
	Actinobacteria	Prevotellaceae	Actinobacteria
	Akkermansiaceae	Lactobacillaceae	Proteobacteria
		Akkermansiaceae	Akkermansiaceae
Decrease	Firmicutes	Firmicutes	Firmicutes
	Oscillospiraceae		Oscillospiraceae
	Bacteroidetes
Microbiota diversity	Increase	Increase	Increase

GLP-1 RAs: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; GLP-1/GLP-2 RA: Dual glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist.