Washed microbiota transplantation for Crohn’s disease: A metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and metabolomic-based study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants, n (%)

Characteristic	n (%)
Age (SD)	35.6 (9.4)
Male	8 (81.8)
Female	3 (18.2)
Age at diagnosis (Montreal classification)
A1 (age < 16 yr)	1 (9.1)
A2 (age 17-40 yr)	9 (81.8)
A3 (age > 40 yr)	1 (9.1)
Location (Montreal classification)
L1 (terminal ileum disease)	5 (45.5)
L2 (colonic disease)	3 (27.3)
L3 (ileocolonic disease)	3 (27.3)
L4 (upper GI)	0 (0.0)
Behavior (Montreal classification)
B1 (inflammatory)	3 (27.3)
B2 (stricturing)	4 (36.4)
B3 (penetrating)	2 (18.2)
B2 + B3	2 (18.2)
Perianal disease	4 (36.4)
Duration of disease, mean (SD), yr	8.8 (6.9)
Medication at the time of WMT
None	2 (18.2)
Mesalamines	7 (63.6)
Steroids	1 (9.1)
Immunomodulators	3 (27.3)
Biologics therapy	1 (9.1)
Bowel surgery	2 (18.2)
Anal surgery	4 (36.4)
Smoking status
Current	0 (0.0)
Ex-smoker	2 (18.2)
Never smoker	9 (81.8)
Disease severity
Mild	11 (100.0)
Moderate	0 (0.0)
Severe	0 (0.0)
Route of WMT
Mid-gut TET	4 (36.4)
Colonic TET	7 (63.6)

GI: Gastrointestinal; WMT: Washed microbiota transplantation; TET: Transendoscopic enteral tubing.

Table 2 Clinical outcomes baseline and post-3 month washed microbiota transplantation

Variable	Responders1				Non-responders1
	n	Baseline, mean ± SD	3-month post-WMT, mean ± SD	P value	n	Baseline, mean ± SD	3-month post-WMT, mean ± SD	P value
HBI (three-month post-WMT)	7	5.7 ± 0.8	2.4 ± 0.5	0.014	4	5.0 ± 0.0	7.0 ± 2.3	0.157
CDAI (three-month post-WMT)	7	196.5 ± 21.7	76.4 ± 29.5	0.018	4	190.0 ± 13.3	238.5 ± 50.1	0.068
Stool frequency (number/d)	7	1.7 ± 1.0	0.6 ± 0.5	0.023	4	1.5 ± 0.6	3.5 ± 2.4	0.180
Pain (scale 0-3)	7	0.7 ± 0.5	0.3 ± 0.5	0.083	4	0.5 ± 0.6	0.5 ± 0.6	1.000
hs-CRP (mg/L)	7	3.6 ± 6.1	2.1 ± 2.0	0.500	4	14.8 ± 15.8	29.6 ± 19.0	0.144
ESR (mm/h)	7	15.9 ± 17.0	10.9 ± 11.2	0.340	4	43.3 ± 31.6	54.0 ± 33.0	0.273
Fecal calprotectin (ug/g)	6	367.6 ± 159.9	374.2 ± 290.4	0.753	4	391.6 ± 120.9	561.2 ± 140.2	0.144
SES CD score	4	5.3 ± 2.1	3.3 ± 2.5	0.285	4	9.3 ± 7.4	17.5 ± 7.1	0.068

¹Values compared by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.

Clinical outcomes of responders’ baseline and post-washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) and non-responders’ baseline and post-WMT. The data are presented as means ± SD. WMT: Washed microbiota transplantation; HBI: Harvey-Bradshaw index; CDAI: Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; hs-CRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; SES: Simple Endoscopic Score; CD: Crohn’s disease.