Role of exosomes in metastasis and therapeutic resistance in esophageal cancer

Table 1 Typical studies on tumor-associated exosomes that affect esophageal cancer progression

Molecules in exosomes	Biological process	Targets	Ref.
lncRNA ZFAS1	Regulate proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis	MicroRNA-124, STAT3	[2]
miR-103a-2-5p	Promote proliferation and migration of ESCC cells	-	[3]
miR-93-5p	Promote the proliferation of esophageal cancer cells	PTEN, p21, CCND1	[4]
miR-200a	Promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of esophageal cells and inhibits apoptosis	KEAP1, NRF2	[5]
miR-19b-3p	Inhibit apoptosis, promote cell migration and invasion	PTEN	[6]
LINC01410	Promote metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition	miR-122-5p, PKM2	[7]
lncRNA FAM225A	Accelerate progression and angiogenesis	miR-206, NETO2, FOXP1	[8]
miRNA-21-5p	Promote angiogenesis and malignant progression	-	[9]
miR-154-5p	Attenuate progression and angiogenesis	KIF14	[10]
miR-301a-3p	Promote angiogenesis	PTEN	[11]
uc.189	Promote proliferation and lymph angiogenesis of human lymphatic endothelial cells and thus facilitate lymph node metastasis	EPHA2	[12]

ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Table 2 Clinical application of exosome in esophageal cancer

Clinical application	Biofluids	Exosomes or exosomal cargos	Expression	Ref.
Diagnosis	Plasma	miR-106a, miR-18a, miR-20b, miR-486-5p, miR-584	High	[155]
	Serum	lncRNA UCA1, POU3F3, ESCCAL-1 and PEG10	High	[156]
	Plasma	lncRNAs NR_039819, NR_036133, NR_003353, ENST00000442416.1, and ENST00000416100.1	High	[157]
	Plasma	miR-223-3p	Low	[122]
Prognosis	Serum	miR-182	High	[158]
	Serum	miR-766-3p	High	[159]
	Serum	hsa_circ_0026611	High	[160]
	Serum	lncRNA-POU3F3	High	[156]
	Plasma	hsa_circ_0001946	Low	[161]