Susceptibility patterns and virulence genotypes of Helicobacter pylori affecting eradication therapy outcomes among Egyptian patients with gastroduodenal diseases

Table 1 Primers used in this study for multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of vacA and cagA genotypes in Helicobacter pylori isolates

Primer	Nucleotide sequence, 5'—3'	Gene	Size, bp
vacA
VA1-F	ATGGAAATACAACAAACACAC	vacA s1/s2	259/286
VA1-R	CTGCTTGAATGCGCCAAAC
VA2-F	CAATCTGTCCAATCAAGCGAG	vacA m1/m2	570/645
VA2-R	GCGTCAAAATAATTCCAAGG
Cag-F	GTTGATAACGCTGTCGCTTC	cagA	349
Cag-R	GGGTTGTATGATATTTTCCATAA

m1/m2: Middle regions; s1/s2: Signal regions.

Table 2 Patient demographic and clinical characteristics

Variable	n (%)
Mean age in yr	39.5 ± 12.9
Male sex	57 (79.2)
History of smoking	22 (30.6)
History of upper abdominal pain	48 (66.7)
Endoscopic finding
Gastritis	39 (54.2)
Gastric ulcer	24 (33.3)
Duodenitis	9 (12.5)
Co-morbid conditions
Liver cirrhosis	15 (20.8)
Diabetes mellitus	9 (12.5)
Hypertension	3 (4.2)
cagA	36 (50.0)
vacA	60 (83.3)
s1	42 (58.3)
s2	18 (25.0)
m1	27 (37.5)
m2	33 (45.8)

m1/m2: Middle regions; s1/s2: Signal regions.

Table 3 Relationship between risk factors and outcomes of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy, n (%)

Variable	Successful, n = 45	Unsuccessful, n = 27	P value
Mean age in yr	43.13 ± 12.19	39.22 ± 11.91	0.188
Male sex	36	21	0.524
Smoking	15	12	0.349
cagA	21 (46.7)	15 (55.6)	0.313
s1	31 (68.9)	11 (40.7)	0.022
s2	15 (33.3)	3 (11.1)	0.031
m1	22 (48.9)	5 (18.5)	0.014
m2	21 (46.7)	12 (44.4)	0.525
AMX	33 (73.3)	26 (96.3)	0.012
CIP	18 (40.0)	12 (44.4)	0.45
TET	15 (33.3)	12 (44.4)	0.244
CLR	18 (40.0)	20 (74.1)	0.005
RIF	27 (60.0)	18 (40.0)	0.379

AMX: Amoxicillin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; CLR: Clarithromycin; m1/m2: Middle region; RIF: Rifampicin; s1/s2: Signal region; TET: Tetracycline.

Table 4 Multivariate analysis of risk factors accompanied with eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori

Variable	aOR (95%CI)	P value
s1	0.507 (0.175–0.822)	0.003
s2	0.074 (-0.227 to 0.393)	0.595
m1	-0.028 (-0.291 to 0.234)	0.83
AMX	0.223 (0.026–0.537)	0.032
CLR	0.204 (-0.005 to 0.412)	0.036

aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; AMX: Amoxicillin; CI: Confidence interval; CLR: Clarithromycin; m1: Middle region; s1/s2: Signal region.