Paediatric gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Asian-Pacific region: Recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques

Table 1 Diagnostic yield of oesophagogastroduodenoscopies

Country	Year	Cohort size (n)	Indications (top three) (%)	Findings (%)	Ref.
China	2018-2019	2268	Abdominal pain (86.2). Vomiting (31.1). Weight loss (15.1)	62.5% abnormal. Highest yield in dysphagia	[105]
Nepal	2013-2016	270	Abdominal pain (77.3). Vomiting/reflux (8.4). Failure to thrive (7.0)	92.5% abnormal. Gastroduodenitis (28.1). Antral gastritis (18.5). Erosive gastritis (15.9)	[106]
India	2013-2016	822	Variceal surveillance (19.1). Dyspepsia (17.4). Upper GI bleed (16.5)	45.8% abnormal. Duodenal ulcers/varices most common	[16]
Israel	2014	407	Suspected coeliac disease (28.2). Abdominal pain (15.0). Persistent H. pylori (10.3)	59.2% abnormal. Coeliac disease (28), H. pylori (16.5), Crohn’s disease (5.4)	[107]
Jordan	2014-2020	778	Abdominal pain (45.1). Vomiting (21.1). Weight loss (10.3)	47.2% abnormal. H. pylori (66.1). Coeliac disease (30.4). Eosinophilic GI disease (3.6)	[18]
Malaysia	2008-2011	231 OGD. 44 OGD and Colonoscopies	Variceal surveillance (50.0). Upper GI bleed (26.0). Abdominal pain (13.4)	79.0% abnormal	[15]
South Korea	2008-2013	554	Abdominal pain (64.1). Dysphagia (9.0). Vomiting (9.0)	88.1% abnormal. Gastritis (53.1). Esophagitis (17.7)	[17]
Thailand	2000-2002	38	Recurrent abdominal pain	45% abnormal. H. pylori (26.3)	[108]
United States	2002-2005	454	Recurrent abdominal pain	38.1% abnormal. Reflux esophagitis (23.0). H. pylori (5.0). Peptic ulcers (3.0)	[37]

OGD: Oesophagogastroduodenoscopies; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; GI: Gastrointestinal.

Table 2 Diagnostic yield of ileocolonoscopies

Country	Year	Cohort size (n)	Indications (top three) (%)	Findings (%)	Ref.
Australia	2001-2010	999 colonoscopies (15.0% done as follow-up)	Suspected IBD (45.0). Haematochezia (20.0). Abdominal pain (5.0)	61.0% abnormal. IBD (28.2). Polyp (3.9)	[109]
China	2005-2017	326	-	62.6% abnormal. IBD (14.1). Nonspecific colitis (27.0). Polyp (12.0)	[12]
China	2013-2016	229	Abdominal pain (35.4). Haematochezia (27.9). Crissum abscess/anal fistula (17.5)	64.2% abnormal. IBD (38.8). Polyp (27.2). Nonspecific colitis (26.5)	[110]
Hong Kong	2003-2008	79	Haematochezia (58.0). Suspected IBD (29.1)	50.6% abnormal. IBD (16.5). Polyp (29.1)	[111]
Japan	2011-2016	275	Haematochezia (75.0). Diarrhoea (13.0). Abdominal pain (2.2)	77.1% abnormal. IBD (18.5). Eosinophilic GI disease (23.0). Polyp (14.0)	[33]
Japan	2007-2015	274	Haematochezia (42.7). Abdominal pain (30.7). Diarrhoea (15.3)	66.8% abnormal. IBD (43.4). Eosinophilic GI disease (2.2). Polyp (5.9). Nonspecific colitis (8.4)	[112]
Malaysia	2010-2015	121	Suspected IBD (30.0). Haematochezia (21.0). Change in bowel habits (17.0)	85.0% abnormal. IBD (42.0). Polyp (7.0). Nonspecific/infective colitis (25.0)	[113]
Saudi Arabia	1993-2002	183	-	44.0% abnormal. Nonspecific colitis or rectal ulcer (71.0). Polyp (20.0)	[114]
South Korea	2008-2013	168	Abdominal pain (37.5). Diarrhoea (28.0). Haematochezia (27.4)	43.5% abnormal. IBD (19.6). Polyp (1.8). Nonspecific inflammation (14.3)	[17]
South Korea	2011-2015	746	Abdominal pain (43.7). Haematochezia (42.5). Diarrhoea (29.1)	72.2% abnormal. IBD (33.9). Polyp (11.5)	[13]
Taiwan, China	1998-2010	192	Haematochezia (53.5). Abdominal pain (20.6). Iron deficiency anaemia (11.8)	75% abnormal. IBD (8.3). Polyp (20.4). Nonspecific colitis (23.4)	[115]

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; GI: Gastrointestinal.